The Early Republic and Antebellum America An Encyclopedia of Social Political Cultural and Economic History 1st Edition by Christopher Bates 0765681269 9780765681263
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ISBN 10: 0765681269
ISBN 13: 9780765681263
Author: Christopher G. Bates
First Published in 2015. This text holds four volumes of essays and entries on the early Republic and Antebellum era in America spanning the end of the American Revolution in 1781 to the outbreak of Civil War in 1861. The Americans forged a new government in theory and then in practice, with the beginnings of industrialisation and the effects of urbanisation, widespread poverty, labour strife, debates around slavery and sectional discord. By the end of the nineteenth century American had a powerhouse economy, new technologies and the emergence of major social reform movements, creation of uniquely American art and literature and the conquest of the West. This encyclopaedia offers a historic reference.
Table of contents:
Introduction: Interpreting the Early Republic and Antebellum Era, 1781–1861
The Constitution: Revolutionary or Reactionary?
Andrew Jackson: Savior or Scoundrel?
Views of Slavery
The West: Place or Process?
What Caused the Civil War?
Further Reading
Half Title
Half Title
Essays
Politics andPolitical Culture
The Constitution
The First Party System
The Election of 1800
White Male Suffrage and the Second Party System
Campaigning American Style
American Nationalism
The Third Party System
Further Reading
Economy and Economic Policy
Expansion
Growth
Complexity and Modernity
International Comparisons
Government and Trade
Technology
Slavery, Pollution, and Other Problems
Further Reading
Foreign Affairs
Major Themes
Relations with Europe and Africa
Relations with Mexico
Relations with Asia
Continental Expansion
Further Reading
The Road to Civil War
The Declaration of Independence and the Constitution
Sectional Development and the Missouri Compromise
Slavery Under Attack
The South Closes Ranks
Slavery as a “Positive Good”
The Mexican-American War and the Compromise of 1850
The Kansas-Nebraska Act
Free Soil, Free Speech, Free Labor, and Free Men
Bleeding Kansas and the Dred Scott Decision
John Brown and Harpers Ferry
Secession
Further Reading
A-E Entries
A
Abolitionist and Antislavery Movements
Early Resistance to Slavery
From Colonization to Radical Abolitionism
The Movement Develops
The Movement Divides
Violence and Politics in the Antebellum Period
Further Reading
Adams, Abigail (1744–1818)
Further Reading
Adams, John (1735–1826)
Revolutionary
Public Servant
Citizen
Further Reading
Adams, John Quincy (1767–1848)
Diplomat and Statesman
Secretary of State
Election of 1824 and Presidency
Old Man Eloquent
Further Reading
Adams-Onís Treaty (1819)
Further Reading
African Colonization
Back to Africa
Immediate Abolition
Further Reading
African Methodist Episcopal Church
Further Reading
African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church
Further Reading
Aging and the Elderly
Further Reading
Agriculture
Northeastern Farming
Midwestern Farming
Southern Farming
Native American Farming
An Agrarian Republic
Further Reading
Alamo, Battle of the
Further Reading
Alcohol and Temperance
Before Temperance
Early Activism
The Burgeoning Movement
Results
Further Reading
Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)
Further Reading
Amistad Incident
Further Reading
Anthony, Susan B. (1820–1906)
Further Reading
Anti-Federalists
Further Reading
Anti-Masonic Party
Further Reading
Architecture
Colonial Traces
Classicism and National Architecture
Washington, D.C.
Romantic Styles
Cities and Industrial Building
Further Reading
Army, U.S.
Early Republic
The War of 1812
The Antebellum Era
Further Reading
Army Corps of Engineers, U.S.
Further Reading
Aroostook War
Further Reading
Art, Fine
Early Work
Painting
Sculpture
Democratic Art
Further Reading
Art, Folk
Defining Folk Art
Portraits and Works on Paper
Sculpture and Carved Objects
Tools and Other Domestic Objects
Diversity
Further Reading
Asbury, Francis (1745–1816)
Further Reading
Ashley, William Henry (ca. 1778–1838)
Further Reading
Astor, John Jacob (1763–1848)
Further Reading
Astor Place Riot
Further Reading
Atchison, David Rice (1807–1886)
Further Reading
Atlanta, Georgia
Further Reading
Audubon, John James (1785–1851)
Further Reading
Austin, Stephen F. (1793–1836)
Further Reading
B
Baltimore, Maryland
Further Reading
Bancroft, George (1800–1891)
Further Reading
Bank of the United States
First Bank of the United States
Second Bank of the United States
Further Reading
Bankruptcy and Insolvency
Further Reading
Banks and Banking
Commercial Banks and Central Banks
Investment Banks, Savings Banks, and Building and Loans
Further Reading
Banneker, Benjamin (1731–1806)
Further Reading
Baptists
Further Reading
Barbary Wars
Early Stages
First Barbary War
Second Barbary War
Further Reading
Barnum, P.T. (1810–1891)
Further Reading
Beecher, Catharine (1800–1878)
Further Reading
Beecher, Henry Ward (1813–1887)
Early Life
Ideas and Influence
Antislavery Efforts
Final Years
Further Reading
Bennett, James Gordon (1795–1872)
Further Reading
Benton, Thomas Hart (1782–1858)
Further Reading
Bible
Spreading American Bibles and Civilization
The Bible and Slavery
The Bible’s Messages
Further Reading
Bill of Rights
History
Content
State Responses
Further Reading
Birney, James Gillespie (1792–1857)
Further Reading
Birth and Childbearing
Pregnancy
Labor and Delivery
Dangers in Childbirth
Recovery
Further Reading
Black Hawk War
Further Reading
Blackwell, Elizabeth (1821–1910)
Further Reading
Bleeding Kansas
The Kansas-Nebraska Act
Border Ruffians
Wakarusa War and the Sack of Lawrence
Pottawatomie Massacre
Further Reading
Boone, Daniel (1734–1820)
Further Reading
Booth, Edwin (1833–1893)
Further Reading
Boston, Massachusetts
Early Development
Cultural and Political Influence
Further Reading
Breckinridge, John C. (1821–1875)
Further Reading
British Americans
Further Reading
Brook Farm
Further Reading
Brown, Charles Brockden (1771–1810)
Further Reading
Brown, John (1800–1859)
From Connecticut to Kansas
Raid on Harpers Ferry
Further Reading
Bryant, William Cullen (1794–1878)
Further Reading
Buchanan, James (1791–1868)
Election of 1856
Domestic and Foreign Policy
1860 Election and Retirement
Further Reading
Buffalo, New York
Further Reading
Bulfinch, Charles (1763–1844)
Further Reading
Buntline, Ned (1821–1886)
Further Reading
Burns, Anthony (1834–1862)
Further Reading
Burr, Aaron (1756–1836)
Revolutionary War Soldier
Lawyer and Politician
Vice President
Burr Conspiracy
Further Reading
C
Cabinet, Presidential
Foundations
The First Cabinets
The Cabinet in the Nineteenth Century
Further Reading
Calhoun, John C. (1782–1850)
Early Years
Vice Presidency and the Nullification Crisis
Southern Spokesman
Further Reading
California
Early History
Spain and Mexico
American State
Further Reading
Canada, Relations with
Consequences of Revolution
Border Conflicts
Further Reading
Canals
Further Reading
Caroline Affair
Further Reading
Carson, Kit (1809–1868)
Further Reading
Cass, Lewis (1782–1866)
Further Reading
Catholicism
Creation of an American Hierarchy
Priests and Sisters
Growth of American Catholicism
Anti-Catholicism and the Birth of Catholic Schools
Nativism and Slavery
Further Reading
Channing, William Ellery (1780–1842)
Further Reading
Charity and Philanthropy
Care for the Sick
Dartmouth v. Woodward
Assistance for the Needy
Support for Research and Learning
Further Reading
Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837)
Further Reading
Charleston, South Carolina
Further Reading
Chase (Samuel), Impeachment of
Further Reading
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)
Further Reading
Chicago, Illinois
Further Reading
Children and Child Rearing
View of Childhood
Boys and Girls
Family Ties
Working-Class and Farm Families
Further Reading
China, Relations with
Further Reading
Chinese Americans
Further Reading
Chisholm v. Georgia (1793)
Further Reading
Christiana Riot
Further Reading
Cincinnati, Ohio
Further Reading
Cities and Urban Life
Colonial and Revolutionary Antecedents
Population Growth
Connectedness
Problems
Culture
Further Reading
Clay, Henry (1777–1852)
Early Years
Slavery and the Missouri Compromise
Presidential Candidate
The American System and the Whig Party
Election of 1844 and the Mexican-American War
The Compromise of 1850
Further Reading
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850)
Further Reading
Clinton, George (1739–1812)
First Governor of New York
Opponent of the Constitution
Late Career and Vice Presidency
Further Reading
Clocks and Clock Manufacturing
Further Reading
Clothing and Fashion
Basic Garments
Empire Style
Victorian Style
Undergarments for Women
Influences
Nineteenth-Century Men’s Clothing
Working-Class Clothes
Further Reading
Coal
Further Reading
Cole, Thomas (1801–1848)
Further Reading
Colonization, African
Colt, Samuel (1814–1862)
Further Reading
Columbia University
Further Reading
Compromise of 1850
Background
The Compromise
Aftermath
Further Reading
Congregationalists
Further Reading
Congress, U.S.
Foundations
The First Congresses
Congress in the Nineteenth Century
Further Reading
Constitution, U.S.
Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Philadelphia Convention: Madison and the Virginia Plan
Philadelphia Convention: The New Jersey Plan and the Connecticut Compromise
Philadelphia Convention: Compromise over the Executive Branch
Philadelphia Convention: Compromise over Slavery
Intellectual Roots of the Constitution
Anti-Federalist Criticisms of the Constitution
Bill of Rights
Broad Construction Versus Strict Construction
Union of the People Versus Compact of the States
Supreme Court and Judicial Review
Slavery and the Constitution
Further Reading
Constitutions, State
Post-Independence Constitutions
Democratization in the Jacksonian Age
Further Reading
Convention of 1818
Further Reading
Cooper, James Fenimore (1789–1851)
Early Years
Literary Success
Later Challenges
Literary Legacy
Further Reading
Corn
Further Reading
Corporations
Further Reading
Cotton
Further Reading
Creoles
Further Reading
Crimean War, Impact of
Further Reading
Crittenden Compromise (1860)
Further Reading
Crockett, Davy (1786–1836)
Further Reading
Cuba, Relations with
Further Reading
Cumberland Road
D
Dance and Dancing
Further Reading
Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)
Further Reading
Davis, Jefferson (1808–1889)
Further Reading
Death and Dying
Attitudes Toward Death
New Religious Perspectives
Death and Dying in Slave Communities
Further Reading
Decatur, Stephen (1779–1820)
Further Reading
Deere, John (1804–1886)
Further Reading
Delany, Martin R. (1812–1885)
Further Reading
Democratic Party
Background
Birth of Jacksonian Democracy
Second Party System
War with Mexico and Controversy over Slavery
The Democratic Party and the “Slave Power”
Fracturing
Further Reading
Democratic-Republican Party
Beginnings
Creating a Party
Jeffersonian Years Through the Era of Good Feelings
Further Reading
Disciples of Christ
Further Reading
Dix, Dorothea (1802–1887)
Further Reading
Donner Party
Further Reading
Dorr Rebellion
Further Reading
Douglas, Stephen A. (1813–1861)
Rise to Prominence
The Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Campaign of 1860
Further Reading
Douglass, Frederick (1818–1895)
Slave Years
Early Years as a Free Man
Publishers and Activist
Further Reading
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
Further Reading
Dueling
Further Reading
Dwight, Timothy (1752–1817)
Further Reading
E
Eaton, Peggy (1799–1879)
Further Reading
Education and Schools
Developing an American System
Introduction of Public Education
Other Educational Opportunities
Materials, Textbooks, and Teachers
Access to Education
Further Reading
Election of 1796
Further Reading
Election of 1800
Further Reading
Election of 1824
Further Reading
Election of 1828
Further Reading
Election of 1840
Further Reading
Election of 1860
Background
Party Conventions and Factions
Results
Further Reading
Elliott, Jesse Duncan (1782–1845)
Further Reading
Embargo Act (1807)
Further Reading
Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1803–1882)
Change in Direction
Transcendentalism
Essayist
Further Reading
Entrepreneurs
Further Reading
Environment and Nature, Views of
Early Attitudes
Antebellum Representations
Nature in the American Renaissance
Further Reading
Epidemics
Patterns
Yellow Fever
Cholera
Influenza and Other Diseases
Fighting Back
Further Reading
Episcopalians
Further Reading
Erie Canal
Further Reading
Everett, Edward (1794–1865)
Further Reading
F
Federalist Party
The First Party System
The Jay Treaty
The Adams Administration
Decline of the Federalist Party
Further Reading
Female Reform Movement
Roots
The Female Reform Society
Legacy
Further Reading
Filibustering
Further Reading
Fillmore, Millard (1800–1874)
Further Reading
Finney, Charles Grandison (1792–1875)
Further Reading
Fishing
Types of Fishing
The American Fishing Industry
Further Reading
Fletcher v. Peck (1810)
Further Reading
Food and Diet
New England
The South
The Mid-Atlantic
The Southwest and the Midwest
Native American Food
Cookbooks
Further Reading
Foreign Trade
Forrest, Edwin (1806–1872)
Further Reading
Fort Sumter, Attack on
Further Reading
Forty-Eighters
Further Reading
Foster, Stephen (1826–1864)
Further Reading
Fourierism
Further Reading
France, Relations with
The Revolutionary Era
Napoleonic France
Antebellum Era
Further Reading
Franklin Institute
Further Reading
Fraternal Societies
Early Societies
Antebellum Societies
African Americans and Women
Further Reading
Free Blacks, Business and Economy
Roots of the Free Black Community
Free Blacks in the North
Free Blacks in the South
Further Reading
Free Blacks, Life and Culture
Numbers and Distribution
Occupations
Political Life
Social Organizations and Community Life
Free Black-Slave Relations
Further Reading
Free Soil Movement and Party
Origins
Influence
Further Reading
Freemasonry
Further Reading
Freeport Doctrine
Further Reading
Frémont, John C. (1813–1890)
Early Years
Exploring the West
Mexican-American War
Politics and the Civil War
Later Years
Further Reading
French Americans
Further Reading
French Revolution, Impact of
Initial Reaction
War and the Genet Affair
Democratic-Republican Societies
From Jay’s Treaty to the Quasi-War
End of the Revolution
Further Reading
Freneau, Philip (1752–1832)
Further Reading
Fries’s Rebellion
Further Reading
Fugitive Slave Laws (1793 and 1850)
Fugitive Slave Law of 1793
Fugitive Slave Law of 1850
Further Reading
Fuller, Margaret (1810–1850)
Further Reading
Fulton, Robert (1765–1815)
Further Reading
Fur Trade
Rise and Decline of the Colonial System
Rise of the American Fur Trade System
Further Reading
Furniture and Furnishings
From Hand Hewn to Machine Made
American Rococo Style
Early Neoclassical Style
The Furniture Industry in the Early Republic
Directory Style
American Restoration Style
The Furniture Industry in the Antebellum Era
Revival Styles
Further Reading
G
Gabriel’s Rebellion
Further Reading
Gadsden Purchase (1853)
Further Reading
Gag Rule
Further Reading
Gallatin, Albert (1761–1849)
Further Reading
Gambling
Native American and Colonial American Antecedents
Early Republic and Antebellum America
The Western Frontier
Mississippi Riverboats and Gold Rush Casinos
Further Reading
Games and Toys
Further Reading
Garrison, William Lloyd (1805–1879)
The Liberator
New Directions
Abolition
Further Reading
Gender Roles
Republicanism, Independence, and Citizenship
The Northern Middle Class and Market Economy
Workers in the North
Farmers in the North and West
Planters and Yeomen in the South
Slaves, Free Blacks, and Native Americans in the South
Further Reading
Genet Affair
Further Reading
German Americans
Early Migration
Antebellum Migration
Life and Culture
Further Reading
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
Further Reading
Gottschalk, Louis Moreau (1829–1869)
Further Reading
Graham, Sylvester (1794–1851)
Further Reading
Great Britain, Relations with
The Jay Treaty and Neutrality
The War of 1812
Latin America
The Caroline Affair and the Aroostook War
Slavery and the Civil War
Further Reading
Great Lakes
Further Reading
Great Migration
Further Reading
Great Plains
Further Reading
Greeley, Horace (1811–1872)
Further Reading
Greenough, Horatio (1805–1852)
Further Reading
Grimké,Sarah (1792–1873), and Angelina Grimké (1805–1879)
Further Reading
Guns and Weapons
Changes in Manufacturing Systems
Innovations in Technology and Design
Personal Weapon Use
Military Weapons
Further Reading
H
Haitian Revolution, Impact of
Further Reading
Hale, John Parker (1806–1873)
Further Reading
Hamilton, Alexander (1757?–1804)
Revolutionary War
Ratifying the Constitution
Secretary of the Treasury
Return to New York
Further Reading
Harpers Ferry Raid
Further Reading
Harrison, William Henry (1773–1841)
Northwest Territory
Fighting Tecumseh
Political Career
Presidency
Further Reading
Hartford Convention
Further Reading
Harvard University
Further Reading
Hawthorne, Nathaniel (1804–1864)
Early Life and First Writings
Concord, Lenox, and Leading Works
Later Years
Further Reading
Hemp
Further Reading
Hewlett, James (ca. 1789–ca. 1840)
Further Reading
Holidays and Observances
Christmas
Other Holidays
Further Reading
Horses
Further Reading
Houston, Sam (1793–1863)
Further Reading
Howe, Elias (1819–1867)
Further Reading
Howe, Samuel Gridley (1801–1876)
Further Reading
Hunting
Further Reading
I
Immigration and Immigrants
Immigration Policy
Origins and Number of Immigrants
Destinations
Further Reading
Industrialization
Origins
Early Responses to Industrialization
The Textile Industry
Emergence of the Working Class
Urbanization and Its Consequences
Emergence of the Middle Class
King Cotton
Further Reading
Irish Americans
Early Settlement
Antebellum Settlement
Anti-Irish Sentiment
Building a Community
Further Reading
Iron and Steel
Further Reading
Irving, Washington (1783–1859)
Early Writings
Peak Years
Later Life and Legacy
Further Reading
J
Jackson, Andrew (1767–1845)
The Move West
Military Career
Run for the Presidency
First Term
Second Term
Retirement and Legacy
Further Reading
Japan, Relations with
Further Reading
Jay, John (1745–1829)
Further Reading
Jay Treaty (1794)
Further Reading
Jefferson, Thomas (1743–1826)
Education and the American Revolution
Reform, Religion, and Race
Political Economy and Opposition Politics
Presidency
Retirement: The Missouri Controversy and the Future of Slavery
Further Reading
Jews
Beginnings
Jews in the New Nation
Activism
Antebellum Era
Further Reading
Johnson, Richard Mentor (1780–1850)
Further Reading
Johnson v. M’Intosh (1823)
Further Reading
Judiciary Act (1789)
Further Reading
K
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
Further Reading
Kearny, Stephen W. (1794–1848)
Further Reading
L
Labor and Unions
Labor in the Early Republic
Culture, Ideology, and the Jacksonian Labor Movement
Race, Gender, and the Antebellum Labor Movement
Further Reading
Lafayette’s Tour
Further Reading
Laffite, Jean (ca. 1782–1823)
Further Reading
Lamy, Jean-Baptiste (1814–1888)
Further Reading
Larkin, Thomas O. (1802–1858)
Further Reading
Latin America, Relations with
Louisiana and Florida
The Rise of Latin America
The Monroe Doctrine
The Mexican-American War
Further Reading
Latrobe, Benjamin (1764–1820)
Further Reading
Law, Business and Labor
Property Rights
Commerce
Corporations
Labor
Further Reading
Law, Criminal
Foundations of American Criminal Law
Defining Criminal Law: The Federal Government
Defining Criminal Law: State Governments
Reforming Punishment
African Americans and Criminal Law
Further Reading
Law, Property and Contract
Foundations
The Marshall Court
The Taney Court
Further Reading
Law Enforcement
Early American Policing
Robert Peel and the Bobbies
Reforming American Police
Further Reading
Lewis and Clark Expedition
Further Reading
Lexington, Kentucky
Further Reading
Liberty Party
Further Reading
Libraries
The First American Libraries
Libraries in Jacksonian America
Antebellum Libraries
Further Reading
Library of Congress
Further Reading
Lincoln, Abraham (1809–1865)
Early Life
Early Career
Emergence as a National Figure
Presidential Candidate
Further Reading
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
Further Reading
Lind, Jenny (1810/1820–1887)
Further Reading
Literature
Influence of British Writing
Rise of a National Tradition
Slavery, Abolition, and the Civil War
Further Reading
Livestock, Dairy Farming, and Ranching
Further Reading
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth (1807–1882)
Early Life and Academic Career
Poet
Further Reading
Los Angeles, California
Further Reading
Louisiana Purchase (1803)
Louisiana in the Colonial Era
Napoleon and Louisiana
The Negotiations
Transfer and Aftermath
Further Reading
Lovejoy, Elijah P. (1802–1837)
Further Reading
Lowell, James Russell (1819–1891)
Further Reading
Lowell System
The Mill Girls
Industrial Evolution
Further Reading
Lyceums
Further Reading
M
Macready, William Charles (1793–1873)
Further Reading
Madison, Dolley (1768–1849)
First Lady
The War of 1812
Life After the Presidency
Further Reading
Madison, James (1751–1836)
Early Political Career
Constitution
Cabinets and the Presidency
Retirement
Further Reading
Manifest Destiny
Further Reading
Mann, Horace (1796–1859)
Education Reform
Study in Europe
Later Career
Further Reading
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Further Reading
Marine Corps, U.S.
Further Reading
Market Revolution
Transportation and Communication
Mechanization
The North and Gender
The South, the West, Free Labor, and Slavery
Reform Movements
Further Reading
Marriage and Divorce
Marriage
Divorce
Further Reading
Marshall, John (1755–1835)
Early Life
Revolutionary War Officer
Federalist and Diplomat
Appointment as Chief Justice
Service as Chief Justice
Legacy
Further Reading
Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee (1816)
Further Reading
Massachusetts Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842)
Further Reading
Maury, Matthew Fontaine (1806–1873)
Further Reading
McCormick, Cyrus (1809–1884)
Further Reading
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Further Reading
Medicine and Health
The Medical Profession
Women in Medicine
Epidemics
Other Diseases and Conditions
The Humorist Approach to Illness
The Scientific Approach to Illness
Alternative Approaches to Illness
Further Reading
Melville, Herman (1819–1891)
Adventures in the South Pacific
Marriage, Massachusetts, and Moby-Dick
Later Career and Death
Further Reading
Mental Illness
Moral Treatment
Dorothea Dix
Rise of the Asylum
Further Reading
Merchants
Further Reading
Methodists
Further Reading
Mexican-American War
Mexico and Texas
Annexation Crisis and James K. Polk
Failure of Diplomacy
War
Santa Anna and Taylor
War in the West
Mexico City and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Further Reading
Mexican Americans
The First Mexican Americans
Conflict Between the United States and Mexico
From the Gold Rush to the Civil War
Further Reading
Mexico, Relations with
Further Reading
Mid-Atlantic
Inhabitants
Economics and Industry
Urbanization
Further Reading
Midwest
Defining the Midwest
Early Exploration and Development
Native American Resistance and Removal
The Industrial Midwest
The Midwest in Politics
Further Reading
Military Academy, U.S.
Further Reading
Military and Naval Technology
Muskets, Rifles, and Machine Guns
Handguns and Blades
Artillery
Naval Vessels and Aerial Warfare
Civil War
Further Reading
Millennialism and Adventism
Further Reading
Mining
Further Reading
Minstrelsy
Further Reading
Missionaries and Missionary Work
Early Groups
Converting Native Americans
African Americans and Women Missionaries
Further Reading
Missions of California
Further Reading
Mississippi River
Foreign Relations
Migration and Agriculture
Human Impact on the Mississippi
Further Reading
Missouri Compromise (1820)
Further Reading
Money and Currency
Book Accounts
Cash
Further Reading
Monroe, James (1758–1831)
Early Years
Politician and Diplomat
Return to Glory
Presidency
Retirement
Further Reading
Monroe Doctrine
Further Reading
Mormons
Mormon Theology
Persecution and Relocations
The Move West
Further Reading
Morse, Samuel F.B. (1791–1872)
Further Reading
Morton, William T.G. (1819–1868)
Further Reading
Mott, Lucretia (1793–1880)
Further Reading
Mount Holyoke College
Further Reading
Music, Classical
Early American Classical Music
Antebellum Classical Music
Further Reading
Music, Folk and Popular
Music in Daily Life
Slave Music
Immigrant Music
Venues and Print Culture
Minstrelsy
Touring Music
Further Reading
Music, Sacred
America’s First Composers
European Musicians in the Early Republic
The Oratorio and the Origins of American Public Art Music
Music Publishing and the Democratization of Music Literacy
Further Reading
N
Napoleonic Wars, Impact of
Further Reading
National Debt
Born in Debt
Hamilton’s Financial Reforms
Wars, Repayments, Recessions, and Resurrections
Further Reading
National Road
Further Reading
Nationalism
Signs, Symbols, and Seals
Elections and Civic Holidays
Further Reading
Native American—African American Relations
Coastal United States
Trans-Appalachian South
Trans-Mississippi West and Ohio
Further Reading
Native American—U.S. Government Relations
Colonial and Articles of Confederation Eras
Early Republic
Andrew Jackson and Native Americans
Further Reading
Native Americans, California
First Contact Through the Californio Era
American Era
Further Reading
Native Americans, Great Plains
Culture: From Pre- to Post-European Contact
Impact of European Contact
American Era
Growing American Incursion
Impact of the Civil War
Further Reading
Native Americans, Mid-Atlantic
Before the Constitution
Assimilation and Revival
Tensions in Missouri
Thirty Years in Kansas
Further Reading
Native Americans, Midwest
Precolonial and Colonial Eras
Early Republic
Tecumsch and the War of 1812
Resistance and Removal
Further Reading
Native Americans, New England
Southern New England
Northern New England
Further Reading
Native Americans, Pacific Northwest
Culture and Economy
European Contact
American Settlement
Further Reading
Native Americans, South
Pre-Columbian Culture and European Contact
The “Five Civilized Tribes”
The Trail of Tears
Further Reading
Native Americans, Southwest
Pre-Columbian Civilizations
Apache, Navajo, and Pueblo
Spain and Mexico
American Rule
Further Reading
Nativism and the Know-Nothing Party
Immigration and Anti-Catholicism in the 1840s and 1850s
Political Frustration and the Creation of the Know-Nothing Party
Electoral Success and Legislative Agenda
Slavery and the Demise of the Know-Nothing Party
Further Reading
Naturalization Acts (1790s)
Further Reading
Naval Academy, U.S.
Further Reading
Navy, U.S.
Building a Navy
The Barbary Pirates and the War of 1812
Gunboat Diplomacy
Investing in the Navy
Further Reading
Neutrality Act (1794)
Further Reading
New England
The Early Republic
Economic Development
Religion, Literature, and Education
New England and the Crisis of Union
Further Reading
New Orleans, Louisiana
French Period
Spanish Period
The Free Black Community
American Period
Economy
Further Reading
New York City, New York
Eighteenth Century
Popular Politics and the Democratic Machine
Nation’s Preeminent Port
Booming Metropolis
Further Reading
Newport, Rhode Island
Further Reading
Newspapers and Periodicals
Early Newspapers
Magazines and Journals
Antebellum Newspapers
Further Reading
Northwest Territory
Further Reading
Notre Dame, University of
Further Reading
Nullification Crisis
Background
Nullification
Further Reading
O
Oberlin College
Further Reading
Ohio River
Further Reading
Oneida Commune
Further Reading
Oregon Trail
Further Reading
Osceola (ca. 1804–1838)
Further Reading
Ostend Manifesto (1854)
Further Reading
O’Sullivan, John L. (1813–1895)
Further Reading
Owen, Robert (1771–1858)
Further Reading
P
Pacific Northwest
European Contact
Great Britain and the United States
Further Reading
Paine, Thomas (1737–1809)
Further Reading
Panic of 1819
Further Reading
Panic of 1837
Causes
The Collapse and Its Effects
Further Reading
Panic of 1857
Further Reading
Parker, Theodore (1810–1860)
Further Reading
Peale, Charles Willson (1741–1827)
Further Reading
Peddlers
Further Reading
Perry, Matthew C. (1794–1858)
Further Reading
Perry, Oliver Hazard (1785–1819)
Further Reading
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Colonial Era
A National Role
Industry and Invention
Strife and Conflict
Further Reading
Phillips, Wendell (1811–1884)
Further Reading
Photography
Daguerreotypes
Carte-de-Visite Collections
The War and the West
Further Reading
Pierce, Franklin (1804–1869)
Further Reading
Pike, Zebulon M. (1779–1813)
Further Reading
Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth (1746–1825)
Further Reading
Pinckney’s Treaty (1795)
Further Reading
Pinkerton, Allan (1819–1884)
Further Reading
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Further Reading
Planters and Plantations
Early Plantations
Plantations and Politics
Organization and Layout
Plantation Culture
Decline of the Plantation System
Further Reading
Poe, Edgar Allan (1809–1849)
Early Years
Literary Celebrity
Deliriun and Death
Influence
Further Reading
Poetry
Early Influences
Bryant and Longfellow
Romanticism and Transcendentalism
Whitman and Dickinson
Further Reading
Polk, James K. (1795–1849)
Early Life
National Politics
Presidency
Retirement
Further Reading
Pony Express
Further Reading
Popular Culture
Newspapers, Magazines, and Journals
Novels and Memoirs
Theater
Music and Dance
Other Forms of Recreation
Further Reading
Population and Demographics
Population Growth and the Census
Population Shifts
Demographic Shifts
Further Reading
Postal Service, U.S.
Further Reading
Presbyterians
Further Reading
Presidency
Foundations
The Washington and Adams Presidencies
From Jefferson to John Quincy Adams
Jackson
From Van Buren to Lincoln
Further Reading
Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842)
Further Reading
Princeton University
Further Reading
Printing and Publishing
Early Development
Rise of the Modern Publisher
Newspaper Publishing and Social Change
Social Reform, the Antislavery Movement, and the Print Marketplace
Further Reading
Prisons and Penitentiaries
Philosophical Issues
The Auburn System
The Pennsylvania System
Impact
Further Reading
Prostitution
Further Reading
Purvis, Robert (1810–1898)
Further Reading
Q
Quakers
Further Reading
R
Railroads
The First Railroads
The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
Impact
Further Reading
Randolph, John (1773–1833)
Further Reading
Religion, African American
African Origins
ATRs and Christianity
Slave Religion
Religion and Rebellion
Free African American Religion
Further Reading
Religion, Native American
Distinctive Attributes
Impact of White Civilization
Further Reading
Republican Party
Origins
Rise to National Prominence
Election of 1860
Further Reading
Rice
Further Reading
Richmond, Virginia
Further Reading
Ripley, George (1802–1880)
Further Reading
Roads and Turnpikes
Indian Paths and Early Road Networks
Early American Road Building
The Turnpike Era
Further Reading
Rocky Mountains
Further Reading
Roebling, John A. (1806–1869)
Further Reading
Ross, John (1790–1866)
Further Reading
Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)
Further Reading
S
Sabbatarianism and the Sabbath
Further Reading
Sacagawea (ca. 1788–1812)
Further Reading
San Francisco, California
Further Reading
Santa Fe Trail
Further Reading
Science and Technology
Motivations
Scientists in the Colonial and Early Republic Eras
Scientists in the Antebellum Era
Technology and Invention
The Physical Sciences
Mathematics and Astronomy
The Life Sciences
Further Reading
Scots-Irish Immigrants
Further Reading
Scott, Winfield (1786–1866)
Military Command
Diplomat
Mexican-American War
Politician, Advisor, Strategist
Further Reading
Secession
The Order of Secession
Legal Foundations
Further Reading
Second Great Awakening
Characteristics
Revivalism
Restorationism and Voluntarism
Further Reading
Seneca Falls Convention (1848)
Planning the Convention
Proceedings
Legacy
Further Reading
Sequoyah (ca. 1776–ca. 1843)
Further Reading
Seton, Elizabeth Ann (1774–1821)
Further Reading
Seward, William H. (1801–1872)
Further Reading
Sex and Sexuality
Medical Knowledge Versus Moral Legacy
Moral Ideal Versus Sexual Actuality
Free Speech Versus Moral Regulation
Further Reading
Shakers
Further Reading
Shipbuilding
Further Reading
Shoemaking
Further Reading
Simms, William Gilmore (1806–1870)
Further Reading
Singer, Isaac (1811–1875)
Further Reading
Slater, Samuel (1768–1835)
Further Reading
Slave Patrols
Further Reading
Slave Trade, Domestic
Origins
Mechanics
Effects
Further Reading
Slave Trade, International
The Haitian Revolution
Internal Trade and King Cotton
Abolition and International Smuggling
Further Reading
Slavery, Life and Culture
Population Growth and Institutional Change
Cotton and Slavery
Field Hands
Domestic and Skilled Slaves
Material Conditions
Housing, Food, Clothing, Medical Care, and Punishment
Free Time and Recreation
Slave Culture
Further Reading
Slavery, Resistance to
Escape and Avoidance of Work
Violent Resistance
Culture of Resistance
Further Reading
Smith, Jedediah (1799–1831)
Further Reading
Smith, Joseph (1805–1844)
Further Reading
Smithsonian Institution
Further Reading
South, Lower
Emergence
Cotton’s Kingdom
Politics
Secession
Further Reading
South, Upper
Migration and Growth
Regional Identity and Economic Change
Manumission and Antislavery
Secession Crisis
Further Reading
Southwest
Pre-Columbian and Spanish Eras
Mexican Era
American Era
Further Reading
Spain, Relations with
Further Reading
Spas and Gardens
Further Reading
Spiritualism
Further Reading
Spoils System
Origins
Jackson and the Rise of the Spoils System
Need for Reform
Further Reading
Sports and Recreation
Early Sport
Transformations
New Sports
Further Reading
St. Louis, Missouri
Further Reading
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady (1815–1902)
Further Reading
Steam Engine
Further Reading
Steamboats and Steamships
Inventing the Steamboat
Impact of the Steamboat
Oceangoing Steamships
Further Reading
Stewart, Maria W. (1803–1879)
Further Reading
Stone, Lucy (1818–1893)
Further Reading
Stowe, Harriet Beecher (1811–1896)
Further Reading
Stuart, Gilbert (1755–1828)
Further Reading
Sumner, Charles (1811–1874)
Early Years
Reform Years
The Caning
Civil War and Reconstruction
Further Reading
Supreme Court, U.S.
Foundation
Early Years
The Marshall Court
The Taney Court
Further Reading
T
Tammy Hall
Further Reading
Taney, Roger B. (1777–1864)
Early Years
Chief Justice
Dred Scott Case
Further Reading
Tariffs
Early Republic
Antebellum America
Further Reading
Taxation
Early Republic
Antebellum Period
Further Reading
Taylor, Zachary (1784–1850)
Early Years and Military Career
Mexican-American War
Presidency
Further Reading
Tecumseh (ca. 1768–1813)
Further Reading
Telegraph
Optical Telegraph
Electromagnetic Telegraph
Further Reading
Tenskwatawa (ca. 1775–ca. 1836)
Further Reading
Texas
Spanish Texas
Mexican Texas
The Republic of Texas and Statehood
Further Reading
Textiles
Further Reading
Theater
Early American Theater
Melodrama
Performance and Performers
Noble and Ignoble Savages
Blackface Minstrelsy
Reform and Theater
Further Reading
Thoreau, Henry David (1817–1862)
Early Years
Civil Disobedience and Walden
Later Life and Death
Further Reading
Timber and Logging
Further Reading
Tobacco
Further Reading
Trade, Foreign
Further Reading
Trail of Tears
Further Reading
Transcendentalism
Ideological Origins and Fundamental Concepts
Political Philosophy, Social Reform, and Literary Efforts
Dissolution and Influence
Further Reading
Transportation Revolution
Further Reading
Trumbull, John (1756–1843)
Further Reading
Truth, Sojourner (ca. 1797–1883)
Further Reading
Tubman, Harriet (ca. 1822–1913)
Further Reading
Turner Rebellion
Further Reading
Tyler, John (1790–1862)
Further Reading
U
Underground Railroad
Further Reading
Unitarians
Further Reading
University of Michigan
Further Reading
University of Pennsylvania
Further Reading
University of Virginia
Further Reading
V
Van Buren, Martin (1782–1862)
Early Life
Political Career
Presidency
Retirement
Further Reading
Vanderbilt, Cornelius (1794–1877)
Further Reading
Vesey Conspiracy (1822)
Further Reading
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798–1799)
Further Reading
W
Walker, William (1824–1860)
Further Reading
War of 1812
Road to War
1812: Invasion of Canada
1813: The Great Lakes and the West
1814: The South and the British Counteroffensive
The Battle of New Orleans and the Treaty of Ghent
Further Reading
Warren, Josiah (1798–1874)
Further Reading
Washington, D.C.
Design and Construction
Antebellum Washington
Abolitionism, Slavery, and Sectional Tensions
Further Reading
Washington, George (1732–1799)
Early Life and Career
First Term
Reelection and Second Term
Record
Further Reading
Waterpower
Mill Design
Waterpower and Economic Development
Waterpower and Industrialization
Impact on Laborers
Further Reading
Wealth and Poverty
Views of Poverty
Visions of Wealth
Further Reading
Webster, Daniel (1782–1852)
Early Years
Gifted Lawyer
Celebrated Orator
Noted Statesman
Accomplished Diplomat
Further Reading
Webster, Noah (1758–1843)
Further Reading
Welfare
West, Benjamin (1738–1820)
Further Reading
Westward Expansion
Colonial Expansion
Independence, the Great Migration, and the Northwest Ordinance
The Louisiana Purchase and Exploration
Florida and the Adams-Onís Treaty
Texas, Manifest Destiny, and the Pacific Coast
Oregon, the Northwest, and the Gadsden Purchase
Further Reading
Whaling
Further Reading
Wheat
Further Reading
Whig Party
Rise
Early Elections
Mexican-American War
Demise
Further Reading
Whiskey Rebellion
Further Reading
Whitney, Eli (1765–1825)
Further Reading
Whittier, John Greenleaf (1807–1892)
Further Reading
Willard, Emma Hart (1787–1870)
Further Reading
William and Mary, College of
Further Reading
Wilmot Proviso (1846)
Further Reading
Women, Elite
Further Reading
Women, Middle-Class
Marriage and Gender Roles
Women as Reformers
Further Reading
Women, Slave
Women in the Slave System
Work
Marriage and Family
Further Reading
Women, Working-Class
Working in the Textile Mill Villages
Working in the Northeastern Cities
Declining Conditions and Worker Protests
Workingwomen and Society
Further Reading
Women’s Rights Movement
Tactics and Rhetoric
Abolitionist Alliances
Schisms in the Movement
Further Reading
Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
Further Reading
Workingmen’s Party
Further Reading
Wright, Fanny (1795–1852)
Further Reading
X
XYZ Affair
Background
The Incident
American Reaction
End of the XYZ Fever
Further Reading
Y
Yale University
Further Reading
Young, Brigham (1801–1877)
Further Reading
Documents
Documents
Federalist No. 10, On Factions (1787)
The Anti-Federalist Papers, Centinel IV (1787)
Washington Accepts the Presidency, Report to the Continental Congress (1789)
Slavery and the Declaration of Independence, Correspondence Between Benjamin Banneker and Thomas Jefferson (1791)
The Journal of Francis Asbury, Excerpt (1791)
Report on Manufactures, Alexander Hamilton (1791)
I. As to the Division of Labour
II. As to an Extension of the Use of Machinery, a Point Which, Though Partly Anticipated Requires to be Placed in One or Two Additional Lights
III. As to the Additional Employment of Classes of the Community, Not Originally Engaged in the Particular Business
IV. As to the Promoting of Emigration from Foreign Countries
V. As to the Furnishing Greater Scope for the Diversity of Talents and Dispositions, Which Discriminate Men from Each Other
VI. As to the Affording a More Ample and Various Field for Enterprise
VII. As to the Creating, in Some Instances, a New, and securing in All a More Certain and Steady Demand for Surplus Produce of the Soil
The Apprentice System in America, Excerpt from The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin (1793)
Eleventh Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1795)
American Cookery, by Amelia Simmons, Excerpt (1796)
George Washington’s Farewell Address (1796)
The Second Kentucky Resolution (1799)
The Life of Washington, by Mason Locke Weems, Excerpt (1800)
On the Scene at a Kentucky Revival (1801)
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Twelfth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1804)
The Hamilton–Burr Duel (1804)
The Journals of Lewis and Clark, Excerpts (1805)
The First Steamboat Sets Sail, Letter by Robert Fulton (1807)
“We Listen to the Voice of the Great Spirit,” Remarks by Tenskwatawa (1808)
Knickerbocker’s History of New York, by Washington Irving, Excerpt (1809)
“The White People Have No Right to Take the Land,” Speech by Tecumseh (1810)
“I Prefer War to Submission,” Speech by Representative Felix Grundy (1811)
Objections to the War of 1812, Speech by Daniel Webster (1812)
“The Benefits of Colonization,” by Robert Goodloe Harper (1817)
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth (The Jefferson Bible), Excerpt (1820)
“Thanatopsis,” by William Cullen Bryant (1821)
The Burning of Washington, an Eyewitness Account (1821)
“A Visit from Saint Nicholas,” by Clement Clark Moore (1823)
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
“The Hunters of Kentucky,” Andrew Jackson Campaign Song (1824)
Lafayette Visits Bunker Hill, Welcoming Remarks (1824)
Proper Parenting, Diary of Susan Mansfield Huntington (1826)
Cherokee Progress, Address by Elias Boudinot (1826)
Webster’s Dictionary, Excerpts (1828)
“South Carolina Exposition and Protest,” by John C. Calhoun (1828)
The Inauguration of Andrew Jackson, A Firsthand Account by Margaret Bayard Smith (1829)
Conditions on a Slave Ship, Description by the Reverend Robert Walsh (1829)
“All Men Are Sinners,” Sunday School Text (1830)
“Wade in the Water,” Slave Spiritual (1830)
Tom Thumb Races a Horse, Eyewitness Account by John Latrobe (1830)
Inaugural Editorial, The Liberator, by William Lloyd Garrison (1831)
The Removal and Plunder of the Cherokee, A Firsthand Account (1831)
The Confessions of Nat Turner, by Thomas Ruffin Gray, Excerpt (1831)
Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
“Jump Jim Crow,” Minstrel Song (1832)
The Black Man’s Fourth of July, Address by Peter Osborne (1832)
President Andrew Jackson Vetoes the Rechartering of the Bank of the United States, Message to Congress (1832)
The Founding of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, Recounted by Richard Allen (1833)
Davy Crockett Kills a Bear, from A Narrative of the Life of David Crockett (1834)
On Revivals of Religion, Sermon by Charles Grandison Finney (1835)
A Visit to San Francisco, Excerpt from Two Years before the Mast, by Richard Henry Dana, Jr. (1835)
How to Conduct a Newspaper, Editorial in the New York Herald (1836)
The Awful Disclosures of Maria Monk, Excerpt (1836)
The Battle of the Alamo, as Recounted by a Survivor (1836)
Obituary of James Madison, Connecticut Observer (1836)
“Because They Are Black,” by William Lloyd Garrison (1837)
“The American Scholar,” by Ralph Waldo Emerson, Excerpt (1837)
“A Lecture to Young Men on Chastity,” by Sylvester Graham, Excerpt (1838)
Wage Slavery, Excerpt from The Savage, by Piomingo (1838)
The “Revolting and Audacious” Amistad Trial, New York Herald (1839)
“Tippceanoe and Tyler Too” (“Log Cabin March”), Whig Campaign Song (1840)
The Americans and the Romans, Excerpt from Democracy in America, by Alexis de Tocqueville (1840)
Why the Americans Raise Some Insignificant Monuments and Others that are Very Grand
On the “Log Cabin and Hard Cider” Campaign, Letter by James Buchanan (1840)
A Treatise on Domestic Economy, by Catharine Beecher, Excerpt
Anti-Mormonism, Letter by John Cook Bennett (1842)
Visit to a New York Prostitute, Excerpt from The Journal of Richard Henry Dana, Jr. (1843)
“The Tell-Tale Heart,” by Edgar Allan Poe, Excerpt (1843)
Letters and Notes on the Manners, Customs, and Condition of the North American Indians, by George Catlin, Excerpt (1844)
Life in the Lowell Mills, Letter by Harriet Farley (1844)
The State of American Jewry, The Occident and American Jewish Advocate (1844)
The Success of the Telegraph, Letter by Samuel F.B. Morse (1844)
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Excerpt (1845)
Our Manifest Destiny, by John L. O’Sullivan, United States Magazine and Democratic Review (1845)
The Rules of Baseball, by Alexander J. Cartwright (1845)
Opposition to the Mexican-American War, Letter by Frederick Douglass (1846)
The Donner Party Makes a Grim Decision, A Contemporary Account (1847)
The Proper Use of Ether, by William T.G. Morton (1847)
Support for the Mexican-American War, Letter by James Buchanan (1847)
Education as a Great Equalizer, Report by Horace Mann (1848)
“Oh! Susanna,” Song by Stephen Foster (1848)
Soldiering in the Mexican-American War, A Letter Home (1848)
The Declaration of Sentiments, Seneca Falls Convention (1848)
Opposition to the Seneca Falls Convention, Mechanic’s Advocate, Albany, New York (1848)
The Medicinal Effects of Cayenne Pepper, Excerpt from New Guide to Health, or Botanic Family Physician, by Samuel Thomson (1849)
On Civil Disobedience, by Henry David Thoreau, Excerpt (1849)
“Powder, Not Prayer”: A View of Native Americans (1849)
Prospecting for Gold in California, A Firsthand Account (1849)
The Drunkard, Temperance Play by W.H. Smith, Excerpt (1850)
“The Art of Money-Getting,” by P.T. Barnum (1850)
Traveling the Underground Railroad, Excerpt from Reminiscences of Levi Coffin (1850)
On a Whale Hunt in the Pacific (1850)
Speech to the U.S. Senate in Favor of the Compromise of 1850, by Henry Clay (1850)
Jenny Lind in America, Advertisements, New York Herald (1850)
“November Fashions,” Godey’s Lady’s Book (1850)
Moby-Dick, by Herman Melville, Excerpt (1851)
Report on Indian Affairs (1851)
The King of the Sea, by Ned Buntline, Excerpt (1852)
Uncle Tom’s Cabin, by Harriet Beecher Stowe, Excerpt (1852)
Response to Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Southern Press Review (1852)
Argument for Slavery, Excerpt from Sociology for the South, by George Fitzhugh (1854)
On “Slave Power,” Editorial, The National Era (1854)
Life on a Cotton Plantation, Excerpt from Twelve Years a Slave, by Solomon Northup (1855)
Developments in Science, Excerpts from Scientific American (1855)
Objections to African Colonization, Letter to Frederick A. Douglass (1855)
“Song of Myself,” by Walt Whitman, Excerpt (1855)
Opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Act, Letter by Abraham Lincoln (1855)
The Song of Hiawatha, by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1855)
Anthony Burns Returned to Virginia, an Eyewitness Report (1856)
An American View of Japanese Culture, Commodore Matthew C. Perry (1856)
“The Crime Against Kansas,” Speech to the U.S. Senate by Senator Charles Sumner (1856)
The Whipping of Charles Sumner, Charleston Mercury (1856)
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
Northern Response to the Dred Scott Decision, New York Tribune (1857)
Southern Response to the Dred Scott Decision, Richmond Enquirer (1857)
McGuffey’s Eclectic Reader, Excerpts (1857)
The New York Debut of Edwin Booth, Theater Review, The New York Times (1857)
Heading Off Fraudulent Votes, Letter by Abraham Lincoln (1858)
The Demoralizing Effects of Prizefighting, Editorial, The New York Times (1858)
Slave Auction in Savannah, A Newspaper Account (1859)
Interview with Brigham Young (1859)
John Brown’s Final Speech (1859)
The Impact of John Brown’s Raid, Editorial, Raleigh Register (1859)
“Lincoln and Liberty,” Song (1860)
Lincoln’s Election a “Menace to Slavery,” Editorial, Charleston Mercury (1860)
The Secession of South Carolina, A Firsthand Account (1860)
The Attack on Fort Sumter, The New York Times (1861)
Chronologies
Chronologies
African Americans and Slavery
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