The Guardians The League of Nations and the Crisis of Empire 1st Edition by Susan Pedersen 0190226404 9780190226404

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ISBN 10: 0190226404

ISBN 13: 9780190226404

Author: Susan Pedersen

Winner of the Cundill Prize in Historical Literature Shortlisted for the Lionel Gelber PrizeAt the end of the First World War, the Paris Peace Conference saw a battle over the future of empire. The victorious allied powers wanted to annex the Ottoman territories and German colonies they had occupied; Woodrow Wilson and a groundswell of anti-imperialist activism stood in their way. France, Belgium, Japan and the British dominions reluctantly agreed to an Anglo-American proposal to hold and administer those allied conquests under “mandate” from the new League of Nations. In the end, fourteen mandated territories were set up across the Middle East, Africa and the Pacific. Against all odds, these disparate and far-flung territories became the site and the vehicle of global transformation.In this masterful history of the mandates system, Susan Pedersen illuminates the role the League of Nations played in creating the modern world. Tracing the system from its creation in 1920 until its demise in 1939, Pedersen examines its workings from the realm of international diplomacy; the viewpoints of the League’s experts and officials; and the arena of local struggles within the territories themselves. Featuring a cast of larger-than-life figures, including Lord Lugard, King Faisal, Chaim Weizmann and Ralph Bunche, the narrative sweeps across the globe-from windswept scrublands along the Orange River to famine-blighted hilltops in Rwanda to Damascus under French bombardment-but always returns to Switzerland and the sometimes vicious battles over ideas of civilization, independence, economic relations, and sovereignty in the Geneva headquarters. As Pedersen shows, although the architects and officials of the mandates system always sought to uphold imperial authority, colonial nationalists, German revisionists, African-American intellectuals and others were able to use the platform Geneva offered to challenge their claims. Amid this cacophony, imperial statesmen began exploring new means – client states, economic concessions – of securing Western hegemony. In the end, the mandate system helped to create the world in which we now live.A riveting work of global history, The Guardians enables us to look back at the League with new eyes, and in doing so, appreciate how complex, multivalent, and consequential this first great experiment in internationalism really was.

The Guardians The League of Nations and the Crisis of Empire 1st Table of contents:

Part I. Making the Mandates System
1. Of Covenants and Carve-Ups
The great wartime scramble
The Emergence of the Mandates Plan
The waxing and waning of Wilsonianism
Creating facts on the ground

2. Rules of the Game
Drummond, Baker, and the Secretariat
Cecil, Nansen, and the Assembly
Rappard and the Mandates Section
The Permanent Mandates Commission
The Commission gets to work

3. A Whole World Talking
The struggle for petitions
Setting the rules
The scope of petitioning
Impact and meaning
Competitive internationalization in Palestine

Part II. Retreat from Self-Determination, 1923–30
Preface: Allies and Rivals

4. News from the Orange River
Colonial continuity and African dissent
Settler colonialism at the bar of the League of Nations
Ripples in all directions

5. Bombing Damascus
From humanitarian protest to legitimation crisis
The Mandates Commission at work
The return of ‘civilization’

6. A Pacific People Says No
The emergence of the Mau
Geneva and the work of legitimation
Punishing the disobedient ward

Part III. New Times, New Norms, 1927–33
Preface: Enter the Germans

7. The Struggle over Sovereignty
The Belgian law of 21 August 1925
The powers of the Mandates Commission, 1926
South West Africa’s harbours and railways, 1926–30
Tanganyika and the dream of an East African Dominion, 1927–31

8. Market Economies or Command Economies?
The problem of the ‘open door’
The problem of ‘free labour’

9. An Independence Safe for Empire
The evolution of British strategy in Iraq
The Colonial Office and the Mandates Commission square off
Conditions for independence I: sharing the spoils
Conditions for independence II: ‘minorities protection’

Part IV. Between Empire and Internationalism, 1933–39
Preface: Multiple Exits

10. Legitimation Crisis
New Guinea and the anthropological turn
Michael Leahy’s excellent adventure
The Lugardian model in crisis
Coda: Theodoli in Ovamboland, Ralph Bunche in Lomé

11. When Empire Stopped Working
German revisionism and British internationalism: a dialogue of the deaf
Making offers he could only refuse
Seeking shelter from the storm: ‘internationalized’ territories in a territorializing world

12. When Internationalism Stopped Working
The Western Wall riots, and the Mandates Commission’s Zionist turn, 1929–31
Tipping point: competitive internationalization and the fate of the Legislative Council proposal
Revolt and the Peel Partition Plan, 1936–38
Britain against the League: the 1939 White Paper

Conclusion: Mandatory Statehood in the Making

Appendix I: Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations
Appendix II: Principal Administrators of the Mandated Territories and Appearances before the PMC
‘A’ Mandates (Brought into Effect on 29 September 1923 in Syria and Palestine, and on 27 September 1924 in Iraq)
British High Commissioners in Iraq
‘B’ Mandates (Brought into Effect on 20 July 1922)
‘C’ Mandates (Brought into Effect on 17 December 1920)
Other High Officials Appearing before the Mandates Commission

Acknowledgements
A Note on Sources
Government Archives
League of Nations Records
Archives of Individuals and Organizations
Printed Government Documents
Verhandlungen des Reichstages (Germany)

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