The Rise of Japanese NGOs Activism from Above 1st Edition by Kim Reimann 9780415498029 0415498023

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ISBN 10: 0415498023

ISBN 13: 9780415498029

Author: Kim D. Reimann

Over the past two decades, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have exploded in number and emerged as a new force in international and transnational politics. Why, however, do some countries nonetheless have more active NGO sectors than others? Using the case of Japan, this book uncovers patterns of convergence and divergence in levels of activism across industrialized countries and offers a two-level political explanation for the rise of NGOs as a global phenomenon. The author argues that activism has been cultivated from “above” and shows the ways in which political structures and processes at the domestic and international level have either encouraged or discouraged activism. Japan, a late developer in terms of its number of NGOs, provided a poor political environment for NGO activism for most of the post-war period. In the past two decades, however, as this situation has changed, NGOs have become a visible player as both critics and partners of the government.. Using the concepts of international political opportunity, norm socialization and transnational diffusion, Reimann traces the ways in which domestic and international politics interact and promote the rise of NGOs globally. This book will be of interest to postgraduate students and academics working in political science, international relations, sociology, policy studies, Asian studies, international development and environmental politics.

Table of contents:

Chapter 1: Introduction

• Defining NGOs in this study

• Patterns of NGO emergence and growth: divergence and convergence

• Earlier theories explaining NGO emergence and growth

• Modernization

• Economic globalization and interdependence theory

• Assessing earlier theories

• Explaining NGO emergence and growth: a political explanation

• State activism from above and the domestic political context

• State policies

• The structure of political institutions

• Political globalization and activism from “above” the state

• International political opportunities

• International norms and socialization of the state

• Transnational diffusion of ideas among activists

• Outline of the book

Chapter 2: States and the Domestic Political Economy of NGOs

• Regulating the NGO sector: the legal and fiscal policy context

• Legal and fiscal regulations shaping the NGO sector

• Regulatory environment for grant-making foundations

• State funding of the NGO sector

• Service versus advocacy NGOs

• Other types of state support

• Access to political institutions and the policy-making process

• Statist systems in Japan, France and Italy

• Liberal pluralism and POS in the United States

• Canada and corporatist/social democratic Europe

• Conclusion: domestic political structures matter

Chapter 3: Political Globalization, “Civil Society” Politics and the Global Growth of NGOs in the 1980s–2000s

• International political opportunities

• International funding and the new patrons of global civil society

• The United Nations system

• Quasi-governmental foundations and political foundations

• Private foundations

• Expanding political access at the international level

• Fitting NGOs into the UN system: official status and formal inclusion

• UN conferences

• Norm diffusion and the rise of a pro-NGO norm

• The new pro-NGO norm

• The donor movement for more liberal NGO legislation

• Societal diffusion and the spread of ideas

• Summary and conclusion

Chapter 4: International Development NGOs in Japan

• The delayed arrival of development NGOs in Japan

• Changing state policies and NGO growth

• New NGO support programs

• MOFA

• MPT and JFGE

• JICA

• New points of access

• Explaining new state policies: international norms and socialization

• MOFA programs

• Catching up with the rest

• Criticism of ODA and the NGO solution

• Monitoring and social sanctioning by DAC

• Learning and persuasion

• Japan Fund for the Global Environment

• Postal savings for international voluntary aid

• Other international explanations for IDNGO growth

• International political opportunities

• International funds and support

• International meetings as opportunities for access

• Transnational diffusion of ideas

• The Keidanren Nature Conservation Fund and diffusion of ideas

• Conclusion

Chapter 5: Sustainable Development and Advocacy NGOs in Japan

• Advocacy NGOs active in global environment and sustainable development

• Explaining advocacy NGO formation and growth: activism from above

• Changing state policies and domestic POS

• New state funds

• Expanding access to state officials

• Changing political dynamics

• Explaining new domestic political opportunities: norms and socialization of the state

• Rise of the sustainable development norm

• JFGE funding for advocacy NGOs and norms

• The MOF–NGO dialogues and the influence of norms

• Domestic political factors interacting with international factors

• International political opportunities

• International funding

• International political arenas as focal points for new activism

• Transnational diffusion of ideas

• Conclusion

Chapter 6: Conclusion

• The big story: how states and international politics shape citizen activism

• The first NGO wave: activism from above by the state

• The second NGO wave: activism from above by international actors

• Growth of international governance and its implications

• The normative promotion of NGOs and state identity

• Transnational society and bottom-up growth from above

• The story of Japan: the late emergence of NGOs

• Statist domestic political structures and the weak NGO sector in Japan

• The changing international political context and the emergence of NGOs in Japan

• Stimulation and help from above the state: the international sources of activism in Japan

• Norms, identity and changing state policies

• Domestic causes of NGO growth in Japan

• Governance, symbiotic relationships and the worldwide spread of NGOs

• Political globalization and the extension of western democratic models on to global and national politics

• Functional interdependence and symbiotic relations

• Concluding remarks

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