The Sugar Code Fundamentals of Glycosciences 1st Edition by Hans Joachim Gabius ISBN 352732089X9783527320899

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ISBN 10: 352732089X

ISBN 13: 9783527320899

Author: Hans-Joachim Gabius

Table of contents: 

Part One: Chemical Basis
1 The Biochemical Basis And Coding Capacity Of The Sugar Code
1.1 Etymological Roots
1.2 What Projection Formulas Tell Us
1.3 The Coding Capacity Of The Sugar Code
1.4 Conclusions
References
2 Three-Dimensional Aspects Of The Sugar Code
2.1 How To Obtain Information About Carbohydrate Conformation
2.2 Complexity Of Carbohydrate Flexibility
2.3 How To Describe The Shape Of Monosaccharides
2.4 How To Describe The Shape Of Di- And Oligosaccharides
2.5 Additional Factors Influencing The Shape Of Oligo- And Polysaccharides
2.6 Examples Of Di- And Oligosaccharide Conformations
2.7 Carbohydrate–Protein Intermolecular Interactions And Reaction Mechanisms
2.8 How To Perform Molecular Modeling Of Large Glycans
2.9 Conclusions
References
3 The Chemist’S Way To Synthesize Glycosides
3.1 Synthesis Of Oligosaccharides: Strategies
3.2 Glycosidic Bond Formation
3.3 Fischer Glycosylations
3.4 Glycosyl Donors
3.5 Anomeric Configuration: Stereoselectivity
3.6 Neuraminic Acid And Kdo-Glycoside Synthesis
3.7 Formation Of Building Blocks: Orthogonal Glycosylations
3.8 Protecting Group Manipulations
3.9 An Example
3.10 Conclusions
References
4 The Chemist’S Way To Prepare Multivalency
4.1 Blocking Viral/Bacterial Adhesion
4.2 How To Prepare Multivalent Carbohydrates?
4.3 Neoglycoproteins
4.4 Neoglycolipids And Liposomes
4.5 Glycopolymers
4.6 Glycodendrimers
4.7 Glycodendrimer Syntheses
4.8 Conclusions
References
5 Analytical Aspects: Analysis Of Protein-Bound Glycans
5.1 Detection Of Glycans On Glycoproteins
5.2 Release Of Glycans From Glycoproteins
5.3 Glycan Purification
5.4 Detailed Structural Analysis Using Hplc
5.5 Detailed Structural Analysis Using Ms
5.6 Glycomic Analysis Using Ms
5.7 Other Methods Of Analysis
5.8 Glycopeptide Analysis Using Ms
5.9 Conclusions
References
Part Two: Natural Glycosylation–Glycoproteins
6 N-Glycosylation
6.1 Ncam1
6.2 Initial Steps In Asparagine-Linked Glycosylation
6.3 Trimming Reactions By α-Glucosidases And Interactions With Er Lectins
6.4 Quality Control Of Protein Folding And Assembly: Machinery And Principal Mechanism
6.5 Er Exit–Facing A Crucial Decision And What Mannose Has To Do
6.6 How To Become A Mature N-Glycan?
6.7 Structure Building By N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase-I And Fucosyltransferase-Viii
6.8 Branching And Elongation Reactions
6.9 Diversity Of N-Glycans: Structural And Functional Implications
6.10 Conclusions
References
7 O-Glycosylation: Structural Diversity And Functions
7.1 Structure Of O-Linked Glycans
7.2 Biosynthetic Routes For O-Glycans
7.3 Regulation Of O-Glycosylation And Glycan Processing
7.4 Functions Of O-Linked Glycosylation
7.5 Mucins: A Major Group Of O-Glycosylated Proteins
7.6 Conclusions
References
8 Glycosylation Of Model And ‘Lower’ Organisms
8.1 Bacterial Glycosylation
8.2 Yeast Glycosylation
8.3 Plant Glycosylation
8.4 Insect Glycosylation
8.5 Worm Glycosylation
8.6 Protozoan Glycosylation
8.7 Fish Glycosylation
8.8 Conclusions
References
9 Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Anchors: Structure, Biosynthesis And Functions
9.1 Structure Of Gpi Anchors
9.2 Remodeling Of Lipid Moieties Of Gpi Proteins
9.3 Chemical Synthesis Of Gpis
9.4 Conclusions
References
Part Three: Natural Glycosylation–Glycolipids, Proteoglycans And Chitin
10 Glycolipids
10.1 Classification And General Structures Of Glycolipids
10.2 Glycoglycerolipids In Thylakoid Membranes
10.3 Glycolipids In Non-Photosynthetic Bacteria
10.4 Bacterial Glycolipids In T-Cell Activation
10.5 Glycosphingolipids (Gsls)
10.6 Complex Neutral Gsls
10.7 Complex Acidic (Anionic) Gsls
10.8 Survey Of Gsl Functions
10.9 Gsl Microdomains
10.10 Gsls As Attachment Sites For Viruses, Bacteria And Toxins
10.11 Gsls As Developmental Or Differentiation Markers
10.12 Tumor-Associated Gsl Antigens
10.13 Gangliosides In Neural Tissue
10.14 Gsl Degradation And Gsl Storage Disorders
10.15 Conclusions
References
11 Proteoglycans
11.1 Glycosaminoglycans: Components Of Proteoglycans (Pgs)
11.2 Pgs
11.3 Large Aggregating (Hyaluronan-Binding) Pgs
11.4 Small Leucine-Rich Pgs
11.5 Basement Membrane Pgs
11.6 Cell-Surface (Transmembrane) Pgs
11.7 Conclusions
References
12 Chitin
12.1 Occurrence
12.2 Structure
12.3 Function
12.4 Metabolism
12.5 Conclusions
References
Part Four: Protein–Carbohydrate Interactions
13 Protein–Carbohydrate Interactions: Basic Concepts And Methods For Analysis
13.1 Atomic Features Of Protein–Sugar Interactions
13.2 Role Of Water In Protein–Sugar Interactions
13.3 Selection Of Carbohydrate Conformers By Proteins
13.4 Thermodynamics Of Protein–Carbohydrate Interactions
13.5 Conclusions
References
14 How To Determine Specificity: From Lectin Profiling To Glycan Mapping And Arrays
14.1 Quantitative Aspects Of Lectin Affinity
14.2 Frontal Affinity Chromatography (Fac) For Sugar–Protein Interactions
14.3 Automated Fac-Fd System
14.4 From ‘Lectin Profiling’ To ‘Glycan Mapping’
14.5 Lectin Microarray Enables Multiplexed Lectin–Glycan Interaction Analysis
14.6 Practice In Differential Glycan Profiling: Approaches And Applications
14.7 Conclusions
References
15 The History Of Lectinology
15.1 How Lectinology Started
15.2 Early Definitions
15.3 The Current Definition Of The Term ‘Lectin’
15.4 Recent Developments
15.5 Conclusions
References
16 Ca 2+: Mastermind And Active Player For Lectin Activity (Including A Gallery Of Lectin Folds)
16.1 Ca 2+: Organizing The Active Site
16.2 Ca 2+: Contacting Charged Ligands 272
16.3 Ca 2+: Neutralizing Negative Charges And Contacting Neutral Ligands
16.4 Conclusions
References
17 Bacterial And Viral Lectins
17.1 Bacterial Lectins
17.2 Virus Binding
17.3 Carbohydrate-Based Antiinfectives
17.4 Conclusions
References
18 Plant Lectins
18.1 Nomenclature
18.2 Folding Patterns And Occurrence
18.3 Purification
18.4 Applications
18.5 Biological Functions
18.6 Conclusions
References
19 Animal And Human Lectins
19.1 Protein Folds With Lectin Activity
19.2 Functions Of Animal And Human Lectins
19.3 Lectin Ligands And Affinity Regulation
19.4 Conclusions
References
20 Routes In Lectin Evolution: Case Study On The C-Type Lectin-Like Domains
20.1 C-Type Lectin (Ctl) Evolution As A Case Study
20.2 Ctl Superfamily: Structures And Groups
20.3 Mechanism Of Carbohydrate Binding
20.4 Ctls In The Genome Era
20.5 Ctl Domain-Containing Proteins (Ctldcps) In Metazoans From Whole-Genome Analysis
20.6 Non-Metazoan Ctlds: From Viruses, Bacteria And Protozoa
20.7 Ctldcps In Genomes Of Pre-Metazoans And Plants
20.8 Conclusions
References
21 Carbohydrate–Carbohydrate Interactions
21.1 Molecular Basis Of Carbohydrate–Carbohydrate Interactions
21.2 Carbohydrate–Carbohydrate Interactions In Cell Recognition
21.3 Carbohydrates As Dna-Binding Motifs
21.4 New Strategies To Study Multivalent Carbohydrate–Carbohydrate Interactions
21.5 Conclusions
References
Part Five: Biomedical Aspects And Case Studies
22 Diseases Of Glycosylation
22.1 N-Glycosylation
22.2 O-Glycosylation
22.3 Glycosaminoglycans
22.4 Glycosphingolipids
22.5 Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Anchor
22.6 Defects Affecting Multiple Classes Of Glycosylation
22.7 Trafficking Disorders
22.8 Conclusions
References
23 Animal Models To Delineate Glycan Functionality
23.1 Knockout Mouse
23.2 Specific Features Of Glycogene Ko
23.3 Other Gene Manipulation Techniques
23.4 Conclusions
References
24 Glycobiology Of Fertilization And Early Embryonic Development
24.1 Primer To Mammalian Fertilization
24.2 The Functional Morphology Of The Zona Pellucida (Zp)
24.3 The Glycoproteins Of The Zp And Their Encoding Genes
24.4 Glycan Structures Of Zp Glycoproteins
24.5 The Synthesis Of Zp Glycoproteins
24.6 Ligand Properties Of Zp Glycans
24.7 The Glycoprotein Shell Of Mammalian Embryos
24.8 Surface Glycans Of Stem Cells
24.9 Conclusions
References
25 Glycans As Functional Markers In Malignancy?
25.1 The Past
25.2 The Present
25.3 The Future
25.4 Conclusions
References
26 Small Is Beautiful: Mini-Lectins In Host Defense
26.1 Meet The Families
26.2 Where Do α- And β-Defensins Reside?
26.3 Introducing θ-Defensins
26.4 Introducing Retrocyclins
26.5 Hemagglutination
26.6 How Hiv-1 Enters Target Cells
26.7 Studies With Influenza A Virus
26.8 A Toxic Side-Trip
26.9 And Now, The Surprise
26.10 It Takes Two To Tangle
26.11 Which Human α- And θ-Defensins Are Lectins?
26.12 Conclusions
References
27 Inflammation And Glycosciences
27.1 Sequence Of Events
27.2 Where Do Carbohydrate–Lectin Interactions Play A Role During Acute Inflammation?
27.3 Selectins
27.4 Selectin Carbohydrate Ligands And Their Carrier Glycoproteins
27.5 Galectins
27.6 Siglecs
27.7 Other Lectins Involved In Antigen Recognition And Inflammatory Processes
27.8 Glycans Involved In Bacteria–Host Interactions
27.9 Glycosylation In Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
27.10 Conclusions
References
28 Sugars As Pharmaceuticals
28.1 Cancer Therapeutics
28.2 Viral Infections: Hiv-1 And Influenza
28.3 Diabetes
28.4 Carbohydrate-Based Antibacterial Agents
28.5 Carbohydrate-Based Antithrombotic Agents
28.6 Conclusions
References
29 Platelet Glycoproteins As Lectins In Hematology
29.1 Platelet Physiology
29.2 Gpib-Ix–V Complex
29.3 Cold-Induced Platelet Clearance
29.4 Long-Term Platelet Refrigeration May Reveal New Insights Into Platelet Clearance
29.5 P-Selectin And Psgl-1
29.6 Conclusions
References
30 Neurobiology Meets Glycosciences
30.1 Glucose And Glycogen As Energy Sources
30.2 Gangliosides As Primary Glycans Of The Nervous System
30.3 Ganglioside Metabolism
30.4 Gangliosides Of The Peripheral Nervous System
30.5 Ganglioside Functional Activities
30.6 Neural Glycoproteins: Overview
30.7 Neural Recognition Glycoproteins
30.8 Glycoproteins Of The Synapse
30.9 Glycoproteins Of Myelin
30.10 Proteoglycans And Extracellular Matrix Of The Nervous System
30.11 Conclusions

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