Turkish An Essential Grammar 1st Edition by Asli Göksel, Celia Kerslake 0415462681 9780415462686
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ISBN 10: 0415462681
ISBN 13: 9780415462686
Author: Asli Göksel, Celia Kerslake
Turkish: An Essential Grammar is a concise, user-friendly guide to the most important structures of contemporary Turkish. Presenting a fresh and accessible description of the language, this engaging grammar uses clear, jargon-free explanations offering practical guidance on understanding and constructing words and sentences correctly.
Table of contents:
Chapter 1 The alphabet and pronunciation
1.1 The Turkish alphabet
1.2 Consonants
1.3 ‘ğ’ (soft g)
1.4 Pronouncing double consonants
1.5 Vowels
1.6 Long vowels
1.7 Other points affecting pronunciation
1.8 Word stress
Chapter 2 Spelling and punctuation
2.1 Regularity of spelling
2.2 The circumflex
2.3 The spelling of foreign names
2.4 The use of capital and lower case letters
2.5 The apostrophe
2.6 Hyphenation
2.7 Other punctuation marks
2.8 The difference between suffixes and particles
Chapter 3 Forming words and compounds
3.1 Suffixation
3.2 Non-variable suffixes and particles
3.3 Attaching suffixes to words
3.4 Irregular changes in stems and suffixes
3.5 Vowel harmony
3.6 Vowel loss
3.7 Consonant alternation: p/b, t/d, ç/c, k/g, k/ğ
3.8 Consonant doubling
3.9 Reduplication
3.10 Noun compounds
3.11 -(s)i compounds
3.13 ‘Incomplete’ words in conjoined structures
Chapter 4 The noun and the noun phrase
4.1 General
4.2 Modifiers in the noun phrase
4.3 Functions of the noun phrase
4.4 Basics of noun inflection
4.5 Plural marking
4.6 Possessive marking
4.7 Ambiguities in possessive marking
4.8 Ambiguities in the marking of -(s)i compounds
4.9 Case marking
4.10 Noun phrases with no case marker
4.11 The accusative case marker -(y)i
4.12 The dative case marker -(y)e
4.13 The locative case marker -de
4.14 The ablative case marker -den
4.15 The comitative/instrumental case marker -(y)le
4.16 The genitive case marker -(n)in
4.17 The genitive-possessive construction
4.18 Partitive constructions
4.19 Definite, indefinite and categorial noun phrases
4.20 Generic noun phrases
4.21 The formation of nouns from nouns and adjectives
4.22 The formation of nouns from verbs
Chapter 5 Adjectives, determiners, quantifiers
5.1 Adjectives
5.2 Nouns used as adjectives
5.3 Formation of adjectives with -li and -siz
5.4 Formation of adjectives with -lik
5.5 Formation of adjectives with -ci and -(y)ici
5.6 Formation of adjectives with -(e)l and -sel
5.7 Formation of adjectives with -(i)msi and -(i)mtrak
5.8 Formation of adjectives with -ce
5.9 Formation of diminutive adjectives with -(e/i)cik
5.10 Other suffixes that form adjectives from nouns and adjectives
5.11 Other suffixes that form adjectives from verbs
5.12 Formation of adjectivals with -ki
5.13 Comparative construction with adjectives
5.14 Superlative construction with adjectives
5.15 Determiners
5.16 Quantifiers
Chapter 6 Numerals and numerical expressions
6.1 Cardinal numerals
6.2 Ordinal numerals
6.3 Distributive numerals
6.4 The enumerator tane
6.5 Fractions and percentages
6.6 Dates
6.7 Clock time
6.8 Expressions of measure
6.9 Expressions of age
6.10 Arithmetical expressions
Chapter 7 Adverbials
7.1 Types of adverbial
7.2 Adjectives used as adverbs
7.3 The formation of adverbs with the suffix -ce
7.4 The formation of adverbials with bir biçimde or olarak
7.5 Locating an event in time
7.6 Days of the week
7.7 Seasons of the year
7.8 Önce and sonra
7.9 Recurring time locations
7.10 Frequency
7.11 Duration in time
7.12 Miscellaneous time-related adverbials
Ancak (in relation to time)
artık
Bile
Bir daha, gene, yine, yeniden
hâlâ
7.13 Adverbials of place
7.14 Directional adverbs
7.15 Adverbials of manner
7.16 Modal adverbs
7.17 Adverbs of quantity or degree
7.18 Ancak, yalnız and other exclusive adverbs
7.19 Particularizing adverbials
7.20 Aynı and other adverbs of precision
7.21 Adverbs that have special uses in negative sentences: hiç;, bir türlü, pek, fazla, o kadar
Chapter 8 Postpositional phrases
8.1 The form and function of postpositional phrases
8.2 Bare postpositions
8.3 Group 1: Postpositions with non-case-marked or genitive-marked complements
8.4 Group 2: Postpositions with dative-marked complements
8.5 Group 3: Postpositions with ablative-marked complements
8.6 Possessive-marked postpositions
8.7 Spatial postpositions
8.8 Possessive-marked postpositions outside the spatial group
8.9 Postpositional phrases used as adjectivals
8.10 Postpositional phrases used as adjectivals
Chapter 9 Pronouns
9.1 General
9.2 Personal pronouns
9.3 Omission of personal pronouns
9.4 Usage of personal pronouns
9.5 Reflexive pronouns: kendi-
9.6 Usage of reflexive pronouns
9.7 Usage of kendisi as a personal pronoun
9.8 Usage of reflexive pronouns for emphasis
9.9 Other usages of kendi(-)
9.10 Reciprocal pronouns: birbiri-
9.11 Demonstrative pronouns: bu, ş u and o (and their derivatives bura-/şura-/ora- and böyle/şöyle/öyle)
9.12 Usage of bu, şu and o (and their derivatives)
9.13 Use of the suffix-(s)i to form pronouns
9.14 Use of the suffix -ki to form pronouns
9.15 Other pronominal expressions: insan ‘one’, bir şey ‘something’, ‘anything’, ‘nothing’, kimse ‘anyone’, ‘no one’, herkes ‘everyone’, her şey ‘everything’
Chapter 10 Conjunctions
10.1 General
10.2 Ve ‘and’, -(y)le ‘and’, -(y)ip and other strategies used to express addition
Expressing additive meaning (‘and’)
10.3 De ‘and’, ‘too’, ‘but’
With respect to its position in the sentence
With respect to its position in relation to a stressed phrase
10.4 … de … de ‘both … and …’ and other enumerating conjunctions
10.5 Ya (da) ‘or’ and other conjunctions presenting alternatives
10.6 Ama ‘but’, fakat ‘but’ and other adversative conjunctions
10.7 Ki and ya
10.8 Çünkü ‘because’ and other causal conjunctions
10.9 Other conjunctions
Chapter 11 Basic sentence structure
11.1 General
11.2 Flexibility of word order
11.3 Omission of subject and object
11.4 Sentence types
Nominal sentences
Verbal sentences
11.5 Expression of ‘be’ and ‘have’
11.6 Person marking in main clauses
11.7 The expression of tense, aspect and modality
Chapter 12 Person marking in sentences
12.1 General
12.2 The z-group
12.3 The k-group
12.4 The m-group
12.5 Imperative person marking
12.6 The position of the 3rd person plural marker -ler
12.7 Using the appropriate person marker
Chapter 13 The copula: predicates with -y- (‘be’) and ol- (‘be’/‘have’)
13.1 General
13.2 -(y)di, -(y)miş and -(y)se: the copular markers
13.3 Ol-
13.4 Ol- in main clauses
13.5 ol- with subordinating suffixes
Chapter 14 Nominal sentences
14.1 General
14.2 Linking sentences
14.3 Types of subject complement
14.4 Var/yok sentences
14.5 Locative var/yok sentences (‘there is/are’ and ‘there is no/are no’)
14.6 Possessive var/yok sentences (‘have’ and ‘have not’)
14.7 The overlap between the two types of var/yok sentence
14.8 Tense, aspect and modality in nominal sentences
14.9 değil
14.10 Overlapping uses of değil and yok
Chapter 15 Verbal sentences
15.1 General
15.2 Components of a verbal sentence
15.3 Types of object
15.4 Use of the direct object
15.5 Types of verb
15.6 Verbs with objects that are sentence-like
15.7 Unusual verbs
15.8 Voice suffixes
15.9 Causative: -dir (and other forms)
15.10 Passive: -il, -(i)n
15.11 Impersonal passive constructions
15.12 Reflexive: -(i)n
15.13 Reciprocal: -(i)ş
Chapter 16 The verb form
16.1 Basics of verb inflection
16.2 Negating verbs: -me
16.3 Tense, aspect and modality markers
16.4 Expressing present tense with -(i)yor and -mekte
16.5 Expressing present tense with the aorist: -(e/i)r/-z
16.6 Expressing the past
tense with -di
16.7 Expressing the past tense with the narrative past: -miş
16.8 Expressing the past tense with the inferential past: -miş
16.9 Expressing the future tense with -(y)ecek
16.10 Expressing the future tense with the aorist: -(e/i)r/-z
16.11 Expressing conditionality: -se
16.12 Expressing necessity: -meli
16.13 Expressing ability: -ebil
16.14 Expressing desire: -(y)eyim
16.15 Expressing request and permission: -(i)n, -sin
16.16 Expressing command: imperative suffixes
16.17 Expressing ‘let’s’: -(y)elim
16.18 Expressing negation in imperative and optative
16.19 The copula as a verb form: -dir and related suffixes
Chapter 17 Participles
17.1 Participles in general
17.2 Participles with tense/aspect/modal meaning
17.3 Participles expressing present time: -(i)yor and -mekte participles
17.4 Participles expressing future time: -(y)ecek participles
17.5 Participles expressing completed past time: -miş participles
17.6 Participles expressing definite past time: -di participles
17.7 Participles expressing conditionality: -se participles
17.8 Participles expressing necessity: -meli participles
17.9 Participles expressing ability: -ebil participles
17.10 Participles expressing desire: -(y)eyim participles
17.11 Participles expressing simultaneous action: -erek participles
17.12 Participles expressing manner: -e/-a participles
17.13 Participles expressing result: -miş participles
17.14 Participles expressing causality: -dık participles
Chapter 18 Verbals
18.1 Verbals in general
18.2 Infinitives
18.3 Gerunds
18.4 Verbal nouns with suffixes -me, -iş, -ma, -ış
18.5 Verbal nouns with suffix -mek
18.6 Verbal nouns with suffix -ış
18.7 Verbal nouns with suffix -iş
18.8 Gerunds used as subjects and objects
Chapter 19 Negation
19.1 Negation of verbs
19.2 Negation of nouns
19.3 Negation of adjectives and adverbs
19.4 Negation in nominal sentences
19.5 Negation in verbal sentences
19.6 Negation of imperatives
19.7 Double negation
Chapter 20 Questions
20.1 Question words
20.2 Yes/no questions
20.3 Tag questions
20.4 Embedded questions
20.5 Question formation with intonation
20.6 Question formation with question particles
20.7 Indirect questions
Chapter 21 Complex sentences
21.1 Subordination
21.2 Relative clauses
21.3 Complement clauses
21.4 Conditional clauses
21.5 Temporal clauses
21.6 Concessive clauses
21.7 Purpose clauses
21.8 Result clauses
21.9 Causal clauses
21.10 Comparison clauses
21.11 Coordinate clauses
21.12 Coordination of sentences and clauses
21.13 Ellipsis in complex sentences
21.14 Overlapping uses of -me, -diği and -(y)iş
21.15 The auxiliary verb ol- in noun clauses
21.16 Noun clauses formed with diye
21.17 Noun clauses formed with ki
Chapter 22 Adverbial clauses
22.1 General
22.2 -diği gibi, -(y)eceği gibi
22.3 -diği halde, -(y)eceği halde
22.4 -digi için, -(y)ecegi için
22.5 -diği kadar, -(y)eceği kadar
22.6 -diğinden beri
22.7 -diğine göre, -(y)eceğine göre
22.8 -diği takdirde
22.9 -diği zaman, -diğinde, -(y)eceği zaman
22.10 -dikçe
22.11 -dikten sonra
22.12 -meden (önce)
22.13 -mek için, -meye, -mesi için
22.14 -mek üzere
22.15 -mekle
22.16 -mekle birlikte
22.17 -mektense
22.18 -(y)e … -(y)e
22.19 -(y)eceğine
22.20 -(y)ecek kadar
22.21 -(e/i)r … -mez
22.22 -(y)eli (beri)
22.23 -(y)erek
22.24 -(y)ince
22.25 -(y)inceye kadar
22.26 -(y)ken
22.27 Adverbial clauses formed with diye
22.28 Adverbial clauses formed with gibi
22.29 Adverbial clauses formed with ki
22.30 Adverbial clauses formed with madem(ki)
22.31 The auxiliary verb ol- in adverbial clauses
Chapter 23 Conditional sentences
23.1 The conditional markers -se and -(y)se/ise
23.2 ‘Open’ conditions: -(y)se with the aorist (-(e/i)rse/-mezse)
23.3 ‘Knowable’ conditions: -(y)se in other contexts
23.4 Hypothetical conditions: -se
23.5 Impossible conditions: -seydi
23.6 Conditional clauses with -miş ol-
23.7 Conditional clauses with -(y)ecek ol-
23.8 Conditional clauses containing -se and de/bile
23.9 -(y)se de
23.10 Conditional clauses containing wh-phrases
23.11 Summary
Chapter 24 Conversational features
24.1 Polite and/or formal modes of address
24.2 Casual and familiar forms of address
24.3 Greetings and parting expressions
Greetings
Expressions which can be used both in greetings and as parting expressions
Parting expressions
Attracting someone’s attention
24.4 Thanks and apologies
Thanks
Apologies
24.5 Commonly occurring conversational responses
24.6 Other conversational responses
Pleasure
Surprise
Sadness
Agreement
Acceptance of a request
Curses
24.7 Formulaic wishes
24.8 Interjections
24.9 Conversational fillers
Appendix A Inflection of nouns
Appendix B Inflection of nominal predicates
Appendix C Overview of verbal inflection
Appendix D Inflection of verbs
Appendix E Marking of subordinate clauses
Appendix F Verbs taking oblique objects
Verbs whose objects are marked with the dative case marker -(y)e
Verbs whose objects are marked with the locative case marker -de
Verbs whose objects are marked with the ablative case marker -den
Verbs whose objects are marked with the comitative/instrumental case marker -(y)le
Appendix G Commonly used verbs that take noun clause objects
Appendix H Nouns of ethnicity and nationality; names of countries, regions and names of languages
Pattern 1: Bases such as Arap, Bulgar, Macar
Pattern 1A: Bases such as Alman, İngiliz, Japon
Pattern 1B: Bases such as Fin, Gal, Hint
Pattern 2: Bases such as Çin, Hollanda, İ́sveç
Appendix I Commonly used reduplicated words
Appendix J List of conjunctions
Appendix K Common Turkish abbreviations
Glossary of grammatical terms
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Tags: Asli Göksel, Celia Kerslake, Turkish, Essential