Understanding Social Psychology Across Cultures Engaging with others in a changing world 2nd Edition by Peter Smith, Ronald Fischer, Vivian Vignoles, Michael Harris Bond 1446267113 9781446267110

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ISBN 10: 1446267113

ISBN 13: 9781446267110

Author: Peter B. Smith, Ronald Fischer, Vivian L. Vignoles, Michael Harris Bond

Understanding Social Psychology Across Cultures Second Edition starts by asking why social psychology needs a cross-cultural perspective. It then examines cultural differences and their origins, before addressing traditional social psychological themes cross-culturally, for example group processes, self and identity, intergroup relations. Themes of contemporary relevance including migration, ethnic conflict and climate change are also covered. Key features: Presentation of concepts and theories made accessible to the reader using practical examples and everyday life experiences from diverse parts of the world Biographical portraits of key researchers in the field Coverage of the appropriate methods for conducting state-of-the-art cross-cultural research This textbook is appropriate for students of social and cross-cultural psychology. It will also interest practitioners wanting to understand the impact of culture on their fields of work, such as international relations, social policy, health promotion, ethnic relations and international business.

Understanding Social Psychology Across Cultures Engaging with others in a changing world 2nd Table of contents:

SECTION 1 ESTABLISHING THE FRAMEWORK

1. Why Does Social Psychology Need a Cross-Cultural Perspective?

Whom Should we be Studying?

Understanding Social Change

Choosing What to Study and how to Study it

The Development of Modern Cross-Cultural Social Psychology

Replications

Summary

Further Reading

Study Questions

2. Clarifying the Way Forward with Culture: Theories and Frameworks

Cultures, Nations and Societies

Values, Beliefs and Behaviours

The Hofstede Project

Evaluating Hofstede’s Study

Studying Individuals and Studying Nations

The Schwartz Value Surveys

Other Value Surveys

Cultures as Systems of Shared Beliefs

Culture as Patterns of Behaviour

Putting the Picture Together

Relating Individuals and Cultures

Evaluating Progress

Summary

Further Reading

Study Questions

3. The Origins and Dynamics of Culture

Thaipusam: An Interpretive Challenge

Frameworks Addressing the origins of cultural Differences

Genetic Transmission: Racial Theories of Intelligence

Cultural Transmission

The Influence of the Environment: Eco-Cultural Theory

Environment Shaping Genetic Transmission: Evolutionary Psychology

Environment Shaping Culture: Theories of Cultural Evolution

Gene-Culture Co-Evolution

Causes, Correlates or Consequences?

Thaipusam: A Tentative Explanation

Summary

Further Reading

Study Questions

4. How to do Cross-Cultural Psychology

Ethnographic Fieldwork

Interviews and Focus Groups

Cultural Products and Media Content

Psychometric Tests

Sources of Bias in Cross-Cultural Research

Construct bias

Instrument bias

Administration bias

Sampling bias

The Quest for Cross-Cultural Equivalence

Functional equivalence

Structural equivalence

Metric equivalence

Scalar equivalence

Experiments

Priming Studies

Individual-Level and Nation-Level Explanation

Interpreting non-equivalent results

Multi-Level Modeling

The Unpackaging of Culture

Meta-Analysis: A Useful Tool for Integrating Research

Conclusion

Studying the Ik

Further Reading

Study Questions

SECTION 2 CORE ASPECTS OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY IN CROSS-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE

5. Personality and Social Context

The Culture and Personality School

Mapping the Personality of Individuals and their Cultural Groups

The Lexically Derived Big Five

The Big Five in Personality Inventories

Is the Five-Factor Model of Personality Complete?

What can these Understandings of Personality Help to Explain?

National Differences

Gender Differences

Age Differences

Happiness and Subjective Well-Being

Situational Determinants of Behaviour

Perceiving and Interacting with Others

The If-Then Model of Social Behaviour

Summary

Further Reading

Study Questions

6. Cognition, Motivation And Emotion

Interdependence And Cognition

Correspondence Bias

Broadening the Sampling Focus

Priming Cognition

Some limitations of priming

Motivation

Achievement Motivation

Self-Determination

Hierarchy of Motives?

Emotion

The Universality of Emotions

The Component Theory of Emotion

Summary

Further Reading

Study Questions

7. Self and Identity Processes

Individualism-Collectivism

Independent and Interdependent Self-Construals

Measuring Independent and Interdependent Self-Construals

Unpackaging Cultural Differences with Self-Construal Measures

Why Doesn’t the Mediation Model Work Better?

Acquiescent response style

Inadequate sampling

Self-construal scores as ideological positions

Finer Specification of Self-Construal Dimensions

From Self to Context: Cultural Mandates, Values and Tasks

Analysing Cultural Products

Priming Independence and Interdependence

Markus and Kitayama: 20 years on

Self and Identity Processes in Cultural Context

Distinctiveness: Difference, Separateness and Social Position

Continuity: Stability Across and Within Contexts, and Narrative Coherence

Self-Esteem: Enhancement, Criticism and Improvement

Summary: Beyond Relativism, Beyond Internalisation

Further Reading

Study Questions

8. Cultural Norms and Socialisation Processes

Life Stages and Culture

Infancy

Parental Ethnotheories

Parenting Styles

Family Structure

Family Structure and Self-Construal

Schooling

Organisational Socialisation

Subjective Culture

Measuring Norms

Intersubjective Culture

Continuity and Change

Summary

Further Reading

Study Questions

9. Interpersonal Behaviour

Styles of Communication

Verbal Communication

Language

Conversational constraints and goals

Directness

In-group speech and out-group speech

Non-Verbal Communication

Proximity

Touch

Gestures

Crying

Facial expressions

Emotional display

New ways of thinking about non-verbal behaviour

Relationship Skills

Politeness and Insults

Face

Embarrassment

Relating to Others

Trust and Altruism

Generalised trust

Helping

Friendship

Intimate Relationships

Gender differences

Physical attractiveness

Attachment

Marriage

Summary

Further Reading

Study Questions

10. Group Processes

Monitoring Social Exchanges

Dimensions of Justice

Distributive Justice

Procedural Justice

Interactional Justice

Implementing Abstract Justice Criteria

Justice Motives and Reactions to Injustice

Types of Social Influence

Informal Influence Processes

Culture-Specific Influence Strategies

Guanxi

Amae

Jeitinho

Conflict and Negotiation

Formal Leadership

The GLOBE Project

Contextualising Leadership

Paternalism

Honour Cultures

Working in Teams

Feedback processes

Multicultural teams

Summary

Further Reading

Study Questions

SECTION 3 THE WORLD IN FLUX

11. Intercultural Contact

Language Issues

The Single Language Option

First language speakers

Second language speakers

The Language Choice Option

No Common Language

Towards Intercultural Effectiveness

Cultural Intelligence

Understanding the need for behaviour change

Changing behaviour

Stereotypes and Essentialism

Cross-Cultural Skills

Cross-Cultural Training

Psychological and Socio-Cultural Adaptation

Types of Contact

Tourists

Student Sojourners

Organisational Sojourners

Summary

Further Reading

Study Questions

12. Intergroup Relations

Social Identity Processes

Views of the ‘Other’

Political Groups

Social Dominance Orientation

National Stereotypes

Hetero-Stereotypes

Auto-Stereotypes

Constructing Nationhood

Ethnic Stereotyping

Stereotypes and Behaviours

Determinants of Ethnic Prejudice

Integrated threat theory

System justification theory

Cross-national predictors

Variations in In-Group Bias

Essentialism

Religion and Intergroup Relations

National Tendencies Toward In-Group Favouritism

The Contact Hypothesis

Intergroup Reconciliation

Summary

Further Reading

Study Questions

13. Acculturation

Migration

Defining Acculturation

Conceptual Issues

The Bi-Dimensional Model of Acculturation

Including majority attitudes

The reciprocal perspective

Measurement Issues

Non-migrant controls

Perceived discrimination

Acculturation Processes

The Majority Perspective

The Minority Perspective

Coping with Cultural Identity Threat

Individual mobility

Social competition

Social creativity

Biculturalism

Who Does the Acculturating?

Summary

Further Reading

Study Questions

14. Globalisation and Cultural Change

Industrialisation And Modernity

Globalisation

Geographical Mobility

Globalised Media

Climate Change

Evaluating Nation-Level Change

The Inglehart Project

Value Change over Time

Other Ways Of Examining Cultural Change

Political Change and Cultural Change

German reunification

Hong Kong’s transition

China’s one-child policy

Families and Cultural Change

Technology and Cultural Change

Ethnic Diversity and Cultural Change

Convergence Reconsidered

Global Inequality

Cultural Identity Processes

Summary

Further Reading

Study Questions

15. The Unfinished Agenda

Why Focus so Much on Nations? It Sustains Stereotyping and Everyone Knows that Nations Include Diverse Populations

Now that we have Valid Individual-Level Measures of Beliefs and Values, Why do we Need Higher-Level Measures?

Are Researchers Still Focusing too Narrowly on Individualism-Collectivism?

Too Broad

Too Narrow

Have we Paid Enough Attention to Indigenous, Emic Approaches?

How Can Cross-Cultural Psychologists Create a Better Future?

Providing Information on the Nature of Cultural Differences and Their Importance

Training Persons in the Skills of Cross-Cultural Interaction

Contributing to Programmes of Conflict Resolution

Working Multiculturally

Advising Key Negotiators and Decision-Makers

How Can Cross-Cultural Psychology Best Move Forward?

Ron Fischer

Viv Vignoles

Michael Bond

Peter Smith

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