Vitrification in assisted reproduction 2nd Edition by Michael Tucker, Juergen Liebermann 1482242575 9781482242577
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ISBN 10: 1482242575
ISBN 13: 9781482242577
Author: Michael J. Tucker, Juergen Liebermann
Vitrification in Assisted Reproduction presents standard and new cryopreservation techniques in detail, outlining those that have resulted in success, and providing recommended means for overcoming typically encountered problems.This new edition provides a much broader range of clinical application and data to demonstrate its contribution to the us
Vitrification in assisted reproduction 2nd Table of contents:
1 Overview of biological vitrification
Introduction
Vitrification Under Natural Conditions
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Vitrification Versus Freezing
The Different Epochs Of Research On Cry Opreservation By Vitrification
The Era of Rapid Cooling with Little to No (Deliberate) Intracellular Cryoprotection
The Era of Rapid Cooling with Minimal but Deliberate Cryoprotection
The Era of High Concentrations and Relaxed Cooling and Warming Rates
The Era of Marginal or Accelerated-Rate Vitrification and Rapid Freezing
PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF VITRIFICATION
Concentration Dependence of Vitrification
The Effect of Cooling Rate on the Concentration of Cryoprotectant Needed for Vitrification
The Warming Rate Needed After Vitrification
Cells vitrified in PG
Cells vitrified in glycerol
Cells vitrified in other cryoprotectants
Safe Storage Times in the Vitreous or Near-Vitreous State
The Thermodynamic Necessity of Vitrification
Biological Considerations For Successful Vitrification
What Is Cryoprotectant Toxicity?
Methods of Preventing Injury from Cryoprotectant Exposure
What Is Chilling Injury?
Methods of Preventing Chilling Injury
Methods of Preventing Osmotic Injury
Summary And Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
2 Vitrification of oocytes and embryos: Finally a recognized technique, but still a source of concern and debate
Principle, Description, And Questions That Arise During The Different Phases Of A Vitrification Procedure
Step 1: Selection Of Blastocysts Before Vitrification With Or Without The Artificial Blastocoele Collapsing
Is It Necessary to Collapse the Blastocoele?
Concentration of CP and Cooling/Warming Speed: Two Parameters to Control in Order to Achieve a Vitrified State
Step 2: Exposure Of Blastocysts To High Concentrations Of Cp Solutions—What Is The Final Intracellular Concentration Of Cp?
Step 3: Loading The Carrier Device And Plunging Into Ln2: Can We Foresee An End To The “Open” System?
Open Systems
Closed Systems
Step 4: Storage In Ln2 Containers: For How Long Is This Possible?
Step 5: Is The Warming Process More Important Than The Cooling One?
Step 6: Why Is Dilution Of The Cp Required?
Step 7: Selection Of Warmed Blastocysts Before Et: Which One To Select?
Conclusions
References
3 Intracellular concentration of cryoprotectant during vitrification
Introduction
Vit: Reasons For Lack Of Enthusiasm A Decade Ago
Exposure Of Oocytes Or Embryos To Higher Concentrations Of Cps: Why And When?
Why Use Such High Concentrations of CPs in the Last Solution before Plunging in Liquid Nitrogen?
General principle
The objectives of exposure to the nVS and VS
In Which Situation Do We Have to Increase the Exposure Time to the CPsol?
Assessment Of The Intracellular Concentration Of Cp
Determination of the ICCP by Cellular Volume Monitoring
Strategy and method for ascertaining the ICCP
Results and arguments for reduced ICCP
Comparison of the ICCP after SLF or VIT
Comparison of survival rates after VIT or SLF relative to the warming rate
Comparison of survival rates after VIT or SLF in relation to dilution in various SUC concentrations
General Conclusions
References
4 Importance of cooling versus warming rates in vitrification techniques
Introduction
Observation Of Iif In Mouse Oocytes
How Can Intracellular Ice Be Prevented From Forming In Mouse Oocytes?
Application Of These Studies To The Art
Acknowledgment
References
5 The movement of water and cryoprotectants in mammalian oocytes and embryos: Membrane permeability and aquaporins
Introduction
The Movement Of Water Across The Plasma Membrane Of Mammalian Oocytes And Embryos In A Hypertonic Sucrose Solution
The Movement Of Cell-Permeating Cryoprotectants Across The Plasma Membrane Of Mammalian Oocytes And Embryos
Glycerol
Ethylene Glycol
Dimethyl Sulfoxide
Acetamide
Propylene Glycol
Summary
The Movement Of Water Across The Plasma Membrane Of Mammalian Oocytes And Embryos In The Presence Of A Cell-Permeating Cryoprotectant
In the Presence of Glycerol
In the Presence of Ethylene Glycol
In the Presence of DMSO
In the Presence of Acetamide
In the Presence of Propylene Glycol
Membrane Permeability And Suitable Conditions For Vitrification Of Oocytes/Embryos
References
6 Open versus closed systems
Introduction
ln2And Concerns Of Contamination
Minimizing Contamination During Ln2Storage
Clinical Comparisons Of Open And Closed Vitrification Devices: Can We Foresee The End Of The “Open” System?
Conclusions
Conflict Of Interests
References
7 Automatic vitrification: Development of the Gavi system
The Challenges Of Vitrification And In Vitro Fertilization (Ivf) Automation
Development Of An Automated Vitrification System
The Beginning: A Partnership between Embryologists and Engineers
The Requirements of an Automated Vitrification System
The Greatest Challenge and the Pod Solution
The Gavi System
The Road to Market: The Product Development Process
Optimization of Gavi Protocols
Getting the Pod Just Right
Outcomes Of The Gavi System
Vitrification of Mouse Blastocysts
Vitrification of Human Blastocysts
THE BENEFITS OF THE GAVI SYSTEM
The Future Of The Gavi System
Toward Clinical Use
Potential Application to Other IVF Processes
Conclusion
Update
Acknowledgments
References
8 Vitrification at minimum volume: From basic science to clinical application
What Is Vitrification?
History Of Vitrification
The First Cells Surviving After Vitrification
The Minimum Drop Size Technique: My Personal Story
Factors Affecting Vitrification
Important Factors That Should Be Considered
Oocyte Vitrification
Small Volumes Can Resolve Many Problems that Occur During Vitrification
Why Vitrification With Open Systems Works Better For Oocytes
Open versus Closed Systems
Clair System
References
9 Vitrification of oocytes: General considerations and the use of the Cryotec method
Why Do We Need To Cryopreserve Human Oocytes?
Why Is Cryopreservation Of Oocytes Difficult?
What Is The Best Approach?
The Most Recently Developed Clinical Vitrification Protocol: The Cryotec Method
Initial Oocyte Vitrification Results Achieved With The Cryotec Method
Conclusion
References
Further Reading
10 Safety of vitrification and cryostorage and optimization of cryopreservation protocols
Introduction
Safety Of Vitrification And Cryostorage
Vitrification Carriers
Open carriers
Straw-in-straw closed carriers
Single-straw closed carriers
Nitrogen vapors/supercooled air vitrification
Solid surface vitrification
Cryostorage
Sterilization of LN2for vitrification via UV radiation
Three-wash procedure in sterile-certified LN2
Regulations and quality assurance
Optimization Of Cryopreservation
Intracellular “Glassy State”
“Universal warming protocol” via vitrification–warming solution
Discussion
References
11 Physiological aspects of oocyte vitrification
Introduction
Meiotic Spindle
Intracellular Calcium Increase And “Zona Hardening” During Oocyte Cryopreservation
Analysis Of Gene Expression
Metabolism And Enzyme Leakage
Profiling The Oocyte Proteome Using Surface-Enhanced Laser Desorption/ Ionization Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
12 Vitrification of oocytes: Imprinting and disturbance in spindle formation and chromosome segregation
The Meiotic Spindle
Visualization Techniques
Vitrification of MII Oocytes
Chromosomal Constitution in Early Embryos and Offspring
Vitrification of Immature Oocytes
Slush Nitrogen and Beneficial CPAs
Conclusion
Genomic Imprinting
Techniques
Imprinting Diseases and ART
Cryopreservation and Genomic Imprinting
Conclusion
References
13 Metabolic profile of day 3 embryos arising from vitrified oocytes
Introduction
Vitrification Procedures
-Omics Technologies
Metabolomics
Metabolomic Analysis Platforms
Multivariate Statistical Analysis
The Effect Of Vitrification On Human Oocytes: Metabolomic Profile Analysis Of Embryos
References
14 Vitrification of human oocytes for in vitro fertilization patients
Introduction
Oocyte Vitrification In Infertility Programs: Results
Discussion
References
15 Oocyte vitrification: Donor “egg banking”
History And Indications For Oocyte Donation
Similarities And Differences Between Fresh And Cryo-Bank Donations
Cryopreservation As A Technological Requirement
Vitrification As A Superior Technology For Oocyte Cryopreservation
Donor Oocyte Banking: Structure And Function
Summary
References
16 Fertility preservation for oncology patients
Introduction
Approach To The Fp Patient
Preparing for the FP Process
Approach To The Minor Patient
Ethical and Legal Issues Surrounding FP in Minors
Disposition Of Gametes And/Or Embryos
Fp Treatment Strategy
Controlled Ovarian Stimulation For The Fp Patient
Random-Start Protocols
Aromatase Inhibitors and Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators
GnRH Agonist Trigger
Fp And Oc Laboratory Protocols
Oc Laboratory Processes
Slow Cooling and Subsequent Thaw
Vitrification Method and Subsequent Warming
Unique Concerns In Patients With Cancer
Venous Thromboembolism
Thrombocytopenia
Ovarian and Pelvic Masses
Fp Outcomes
Clinical Stimulation Parameters
Outcomes following oocyte thaw or warming
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
17 Vitrification of human ovarian tissue
Vitrification Versus Slow Freezing Of Human Ovarian Tissue
Conclusions
References
18 Vitrification of cleavage-stage embryos and blastocysts and their neonatal outcomes
Introduction
Principles Of Vitrification
Cleavage-Stage Embryo Vitrification
Protocols And Clinical Results Of Cleavage-Stage Embryo Vitrification
Vitrification Using Conventional Cryo-Straws for Cleavage-Stage Embryos
Vitrification Using the Cryoloop for Human Cleavage-Stage Embryos (Tables 18.1 and 18.2)
Vitrification Using Cryotops for Human Cleavage-Stage Embryos
Blastocyst Vitrification
Protocol For Blastocysts Vitrification (FIGURE 18.1)
Warming Of Blastocysts, Assisted Hatching, And Assessment Of Survival
Patients And Grading Of Blastocysts
Artificial Shrinkage Of Expanded Blastocyst
Clinical Results Of As Procedures
Clinical Results Of Vitrified Blastocyst Transfer
Results With Comparison To Slow Freezing
Summary
Important Points Of This Chapter
Disclosures
References
19 Vitrification of human blastocysts: Clinical realities and neonatal outcomes
Introduction
Materials And Methods
Materials
Reagents
Equipment
Methods
Stepwise blastocyst vitrification procedure
Stepwise blastocyst warming procedure
Results On Blastocyst Vitrification
Conclusions And Future Directions
Practical Implications For Vitrifying At The Blastocyst Stage
Addendum: Special Notes For The Clinical Embryologist
Acknowledgments
References
20 Development and hatching of human blastocysts after vitrification and warming
Introduction
Assessing Blastocyst Viability Post-Warming
Embryo Culture after Warming and before Transfer
AH: Is It Necessary after Vitrification?
Materials And Methods
Results
Warming of Blastocysts
Re-Expansion of Blastocysts in Culture
Time Taken to Escape from the ZP
Properties of the ZP after Vitrification
Making Bigger Holes in the ZP
Hatching and Continued Expansion
Does Slow Freezing Affect Zona Properties?
Characteristics of the ZP after Oocyte Vitrification
Discussion
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
21 Does storage of vitrified blastocysts have an impact on implantation potential and birth rate?
Cryopreservation Of Human Gametes And Embryos, Its Application, And The Importance Of Stability During Storage
Techniques For Cryopreservation Of Embryos And Oocytes
Concerns About Safety Of Cryopreserved Cells And Tissue
Stability of Cryopreserved Cells and Tissue during Storage in SF
Special Aspects of the Vitrified State
Concentrations of CPs
Direct Contact with Liquid Nitrogen in Open-Device VIT and Long-Term Storage
Results From Vitrified Blastocysts After Long-Term Storage
Study Design to Evaluate the Effect of Storage Time on Vitrified Blastocysts
Survival of Vitrified Blastocysts over Time
Clinical Outcomes after Transfer of Vitrified Blastocysts over Time
Birth Weight and Gestational Age of Babies Born
Congenital Malformation in Babies Born after Transfer of Vitrified Blastocysts
Is The Storage Of Vitrified Embryos (Gametes) Safe Over Time?
References
22 Ovarian tissue vitrification—Clinical realities and outcomes
Preface
Ovarian Tissue Vitrification: Clinical Realities And Outcomes
Fresh Series of Identical Twins with Premature Ovarian Failure
Ovarian Cryopreservation
Frozen Cortical Ovarian Transplantation
Future Prospects for Ovarian Tissue Transplantation
Egg And Embryo Vitrification
References
23 Vitrification of human testicular tissue, spermatogonia, and spermatozoa
Introduction
Vitrification Of Spermatozoa
Vitrification Of Immature Male Germ Cells Or Tissue
Vitrification Of Ssc Suspensions
Lessons Learned From Vitrification Of Itt In Animals
Vitrification Of Itt In Humans
Conclusion
References
24 Vitrification in pluripotent stem cell banking:
Introduction
Procedures And Workflows For The Vitrification Of Human Pscs
Surface-Based Vitrification
GMP-Compliant Surface-Based Vitrification
Integration in Automated Workflows
Storage, Manipulation, And Cryo-Physical Validation Of Vitrified Samples
Prevention of Devitrification during Long-Term Storage
Safe Handling of Vitrified Samples
Noninvasive Validation of Vitrified Samples
Summary And Outlook
References
25 Scrying the future: The ongoing transformation of reproductive medicine through vitrification
Embryo Cryopreservation
Vitrification Enhances Cryopreserved Embryo Viability
Our Own Experience of Transitioning from Slow Freezing to the Vitrification of Blastocysts
Shifting Paradigms In Embryo Transfer Strategies
Embryo Vitrification When Fresh Transfer Is Contraindicated
Pre-Implantation Genetic Screening And Embryo Vitrification
Oocyte Vitrification
Donor Vitrified Oocyte Banking
Medically Indicated Fertility Preservation Through Oocyte Vitrification
Elective Oocyte Vitrification
Other Applications Of Oocyte Vitrification
Vitrification Of Sperm
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