Wind Energy Renewable Energy and the Environment 1st Edition by Vaughn C Nelson ISBN 1420075683 9781420075687

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ISBN 10: 1420075683 
ISBN 13: 9781420075687
Author: Vaughn C Nelson

The utilization of wind power and other renewable energy sources has been growing at a phenomenal rate. Wind Energy, Third Edition explores the wind industry from its inception in the 1970s to today; presents the design, aerodynamics, operation, control, applications, as well as different types of wind turbines. An overview of energy examines world consumption and use of fossil fuels, and includes a section on global climate change. It covers the characteristics of wind, such as shear, power potential, and turbulence, and discusses the measurement and siting of individual wind turbines and wind farms. It also discusses the political and economic factors regarding the adoption of wind as an energy source. Features Includes updates throughout, and adds new material on wind forecasting, offshore wind, decommissioning and repowering wind farms, and more Illustrates the need for a shift to renewable energy through discussions on energy use and the order of magnitude estimates for the lifetime of fossil fuels Discusses the interconnection of wind turbines to utility grids, regulations on installation and operation, and the related environmental concerns Presents important economic considerations for the development of wind farms Provides an abundance of examples that highlight the real-world advantages of wind energy over fossil fuels

Wind Energy Renewable Energy and the Environment 1st Table of contents:

Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 History
1.1.1 Dutch Windmills
1.1.2 Farm Windmills
1.1.3 Wind Chargers
1.1.4 Generation of Electricity for Utilities
1.2 Wind Farms
1.3 Small Systems
1.4 Distributed Wind
Links
References
Chapter 2 Energy
2.1 General
2.1.1 Renewable Energy
2.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Renewable Energy
2.1.3 Economics
2.2 Definitions of Energy and Power
2.3 Fundamentals Concerning Energy
2.4 Energy Dilemma in Light of the Laws of Thermodynamics
2.4.1 Conservation
2.4.2 Efficiency
2.5 Exponential Growth
2.6 Use of Fossil Fuels
2.6.1 Petroleum
2.6.2 Natural Gas
2.6.3 Coal
2.7 Nuclear
2.8 Mathematics of Exponential Growth
2.8.1 Doubling Time
2.8.2 Resource Consumption
2.9 Lifetime of a Finite Resource
2.10 Climate Change
2.10.1 Climate Change-A
2.10.2 Greenhouse Effect
2.10.3 Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
2.10.4 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2.10.5 Policy
2.10.6 Information and Comments
2.10.7 Geoengineering
2.11 Summary
General
Questions/Activities
Problems
Links
References
Chapter 3 Wind Characteristics
3.1 Global Circulation
3.2 Extractable Limits of Wind Power
3.3 Wind Power
3.4 Wind Shear
3.5 Wind Direction
3.6 Wind Power Potential
3.7 Turbulence
3.8 Wind Speed Histograms
3.9 Duration Curve
3.10 Variations in Wind Power Potential
3.11 Wind Speed Distributions
3.12 General Comments
Questions/Activities
Problems
Links
References
Chapter 4 Wind Resource Assessment
4.1 United States
4.2 European Union
4.3 Other Countries
4.4 Ocean Winds
4.4.1 United States
4.4.2 World
4.5 Instrumentation
4.5.1 Cup and Propeller Anemometers
4.5.2 Wind Direction
4.5.3 Instrument Characteristics
4.5.4 Measurement
4.5.5 Vegetation Indicators
4.6 Data Loggers
4.7 Wind Measurement for Small Wind Turbines
Problems
References
Chapter 5 Wind Turbines
5.1 Drag Devices
5.2 Lift Devices
5.3 Orientation of Rotor Axis
5.4 System Description
5.5 Aerodynamics
5.6 Control
5.6.1 Normal Operation
5.6.2 Faults
5.7 Energy Production
5.7.1 Generator Size
5.7.2 Rotor Area and Wind Map
5.7.3 Manufacturer’s Curve
5.8 Calculated Annual Energy
5.9 Innovative Wind Power Systems
5.10 Applications
5.10.1 Electrical Energy
5.10.2 Mechanical Energy
5.10.3 Thermal Energy
5.10.4 Wind Hybrid Systems
5.11 Summary
Problems
Links
References
Chapter 6 Design of Wind Turbines
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Aerodynamics
6.3 Mathematical Terms
6.4 Drag Device
6.5 Lift Device
6.5.1 Maximum Theoretical Power
6.5.2 Rotation
6.6 Aerodynamic Performance Prediction
6.7 Measured Power and Power Coefficient
6.8 Construction
6.8.1 Blades
6.8.2 Other Components of System
6.9 Evolution
6.10 Small Wind Turbines
Problems
References
Chapter 7 Electrical Issues
7.1 Fundamentals
7.1.1 Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction
7.1.2 Phase Angle and Power Factor
7.2 Generators
7.2.1 Induction Generator, Constant rpm Operation
7.2.2 Doubly Fed Induction Generator, Variable rpm Operation
7.2.3 Direct-Drive Generator, Variable rpm Operation
7.2.4 Permanent Magnet Alternator, Variable rpm Operation
7.2.5 Generator Comparisons
7.2.6 Generator Examples
7.3 Power Quality
7.4 Electronics
7.4.1 Controllers
7.4.2 Power Electronics
7.4.3 Inverters
7.5 Lightning
7.6 Resistance Dump Load
Problems
Links
References
Chapter 8 Performance
8.1 Measures of Performance
8.2 Historical Wind Statistics
8.3 Wind Farm Performance
8.3.1 California Wind Farms
8.3.2 Wind Farms in Other States
8.3.3 Other Countries
8.4 Wake Effects
8.5 Enertech 44
8.6 Bergey Excel
8.7 Water Pumping
8.7.1 Farm Windmills
8.7.2 Electric-to-Electric Systems
8.8 Wind-Diesel and Hybrid Systems
8.9 Blade Performance
8.9.1 Surface Roughness
8.9.2 Boundary Layer Control
8.9.3 Vortex Generators
8.9.4 Flow Visualization
8.10 Comments
Problems
References
Chapter 9 Siting
9.1 Small Wind Turbines
9.1.1 Noise
9.1.2 Visual Impact
9.2 Wind Farms
9.2.1 Long-Term Reference Stations
9.2.2 Siting for Wind Farms
9.3 Digital Maps
9.4 Geographic Information Systems
9.5 Wind Resource Screening
9.5.1 Estimated Texas Wind Power (Pacific Northwest Laboratory)
9.5.2 Estimated Texas Wind Power (Alternative Energy Institute)
9.5.3 Wind Power for the United States
9.6 Numerical Models
9.7 Micrositing
9.8 Ocean Winds
9.9 Summary
Problems
Links
References
Chapter 10 Applications and Wind Industry
10.1 Utility Scale
10.2 Small Wind Turbines
10.3 Distributed Systems
10.4 Community Wind
10.4.1 United States
10.4.1.1 Minnesota
10.4.1.2 Schools, Colleges, and Universities
10.4.1.3 Electric Cooperatives
10.4.1.4 Municipal and City Operations
10.4.2 Other Countries
10.5 Wind-Diesel Generation
10.6 Village Power
10.6.1 China
10.6.2 Case Study: Wind Village Power System
10.7 Water Pumping
10.7.1 Design of Wind Pumping System
10.7.2 Large Systems
10.8 Wind Industry
10.8.1 1980-1990
10.8.2 1990-2000
10.8.3 2000-2010
10.8.4 2010-Onward
10.9 Storage
10.9.1 Compressed Air Energy Storage
10.9.2 Flywheels
10.9.3 Batteries
10.9.3.1 Lead Acid
10.9.3.2 Lithium (Li) Ion
10.9.3.3 Sodium-Sulfur
10.9.3.4 Flow Batteries
10.9.4 Other Types of Batteries
10.9.5 Hydrogen Fuel Cells
10.10 Decommissioning and Repowering
10.10.1 United States
10.11 Comments
Problems
Links
References
Chapter 11 Institutional Issues
11.1 Avoided Costs
11.2 Utility Concerns
11.2.1 Safety
11.2.2 Power Quality
11.2.3 Connection to Utility
11.2.4 AncillaryCosts
11.3 Regulations
11.4 Environment
11.5 Politics
11.6 Incentives
11.6.1 United States
11.6.1.1 State Incentives
11.6.1.2 Green Power
11.6.1.3 Net Metering
11.6.2 Other Countries
11.7 Externalities
11.8 Transmission
Problems
References
Chapter 12 Economics
12.1 Factors Affecting Economics
12.2 General Comments
12.3 Economic Analysis
12.3.1 Simple Payback
12.3.2 Cost of Energy
12.3.3 Value of Energy
12.4 Life Cycle Costs
12.5 Present Worth and Levelized Costs
12.6 Externalities
12.7 Wind Project Development
12.7.1 Costs
12.7.2 Benefits
12.7.3 Sales of Electricity
12.8 Hybrid Systems
12.9 Summary
12.10 Future Developments

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